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En sträng skrivs alltså alltid exakt som den ser ut – det vill säga allt som finns mellan citattecknena."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"kommentarer","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kommentarer"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#kommentarer","ariaLabel":"kommentarer permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Om en rad börjar med tecknet "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"#"}]},{"type":"text","value":", tolkas raden som en kommentar. 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I det här programmet finns en kommentar som beskriver räkneoperationen som utförs:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Antal timmar i ett år:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# ett år består av 365 dagar och varje dag av 24 timmar"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"365"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"När programmet körs, kommer kommentaren inte att synas för användaren:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Antal timmar i ett år:\n8760"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Korta kommentarer kan också skrivas i slutet på en rad, på följande sätt:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Antal timmar i ett år:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"365"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"*"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"24"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# 365 dagar, 24 timmar per dag"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Minuter i ett år","tmcname":"osa01-04_minuter_per_ar"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skriv ett program som skriver ut antalet minuter i ett år. Låt Python utföra räkneoperationen som i exemplet ovan."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Kod som skriver ut kod","tmcname":"osa01-05_skriv_ut_kod"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Istället för dubbla citattecken ("},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\""}]},{"type":"text","value":") kan man i Python också använda enkla citattecken ( "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'"}]},{"type":"text","value":")."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Det här kan vara nyttigt till exempel i situationer där man vill skriva ut citattecken:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'\"Kom tillbaka direkt!\", vrålade polisen.'"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Kom tillbaka direkt!\", vrålade polisen."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som skriver ut följande:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print(\"Hej!\")"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Du hittar ett repetitionsquiz för denna del här:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"90de1d6f-ad6b-5f9a-8b9f-5e4221024dd6"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"

Efter den här delen

Datorprogram består av instruktioner eller kommandon. Varje kommando instruerar datorn att göra en viss sak. Datorn utför varje instruktion en i taget. Instruktionerna kan till exempel användas för att utföra räkneoperationer, jämföra saker i datorns minne, göra ändringar i hur programmet fungerar, förmedla meddelanden eller fråga något av programmets användare.

Låt oss börja programmera genom att bekanta oss med print som skriver ut (print) text. I praktiken betyder det att programmet visar text på skärmen.

Det följande programmet skriver ut texten \"Hej!\":

print(\"Hej!\")

När programmet körs, blir resultatet följande:

Hej!

Programmet fungerar inte om koden inte skrivs exakt som den är ovan. Om man till exempel kör programmet utan citattecken, på följande sätt…

print(Hej!)

…så kommer texten \"Hej!\" inte att skrivas ut. Istället får vi ett felmeddelande:

\nFile \"\", line 1\n  print(Hej!)\n                   ^\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax\n

Sammanfattningsvis: För att skriva ut text, måste den vara inom citattecken för att Python ska kunna tolka den korrekt. Vi återkommer nedan till varför det är så här.

Skriv ett program som skriver ut ett leende: :-)

Ett program med flera instruktioner

Flera instruktioner som skrivs efter varandra körs i ordning från den första till den sista. Till exempel skriver följande program…

print(\"Välkommen till vår programmeringskurs!\")\nprint(\"För att börja ska vi testa print.\")\nprint(\"Det här programmet skriver ut tre rader text.\")

… ut följande textrader på skärmen:

Välkommen till vår programmeringskurs!\nFör att börja ska vi testa print.\nDet här programmet skriver ut tre rader text.

Det här programmet borde skriva ut namnet på sju bröder i alfabetisk ordning. Det finns ändå några fel i programmet. Korrigera dem, så att namnen skrivs ut i korrekt ordning.

print(\"Simeoni\")\nprint(\"Juhani\")\nprint(\"Eero\")\nprint(\"Lauri\")\nprint(\"Aapo\")\nprint(\"Tuomas\")\nprint(\"Timo\")

Skriv ett program som skriver ut följande textrader (exakt som de står nedan):

Gubben Noak, gubben Noak var en hedersman\nNär han gick ur arken plantera han på marken\nGubben Noak, gubben Noak var en hedersman.

Räkneoperationer

Du kan också utföra räkneoperationer som sedan skrivs ut med hjälp av print. När instruktionen körs, kommer resultatet av operationen att skrivas ut på skärmen. Till exempel skriver detta program…

print(2 + 5)\nprint(3 * 3)\nprint(2 + 2 * 10)

… ut följande textrader:

7\n9\n22

Observera att citattecknen fattas från instruktionerna med räkneoperationer. Citattecknen används för att markera strängar. Inom programmering är strängar en sekvens av tecken. Strängar kan innehålla bokstäver, siffror och alla andra typer av tecken – till exempel skiljetecken. Strängar är inte nödvändigtvis bara enskilda tecken eller ord utan kan vara flera meningar långa. Strängar skrivs vanligtvis ut exakt så som de är skrivna. Därmed ger dessa två instruktioner mycket olika resultat:

print(2 + 2 * 10)\nprint(\"2 + 2 * 10\")

Programmet skriver ut:

22\n2 + 2 * 10

I instruktionen på den andra raden utför Python inte några räkneoperationer utan skriver ut operationen som sådan, en sträng. En sträng skrivs alltså alltid exakt som den ser ut – det vill säga allt som finns mellan citattecknena.

Kommentarer

Om en rad börjar med tecknet #, tolkas raden som en kommentar. Det innebär att en rad som börjar med # inte påverkar programmets funktion på något sätt – Python ignorerar helt enkelt hela raden.

Kommentarer kan användas för att beskriva hur ett program fungerar – både för programmeraren och för andra personer som läser koden. I det här programmet finns en kommentar som beskriver räkneoperationen som utförs:

print(\"Antal timmar i ett år:\")\n# ett år består av 365 dagar och varje dag av 24 timmar\nprint(365*24)

När programmet körs, kommer kommentaren inte att synas för användaren:

Antal timmar i ett år:\n8760

Korta kommentarer kan också skrivas i slutet på en rad, på följande sätt:

print(\"Antal timmar i ett år:\")\nprint(365*24) # 365 dagar, 24 timmar per dag

Skriv ett program som skriver ut antalet minuter i ett år. Låt Python utföra räkneoperationen som i exemplet ovan.

Istället för dubbla citattecken (\") kan man i Python också använda enkla citattecken ( ').

Det här kan vara nyttigt till exempel i situationer där man vill skriva ut citattecken:

print('\"Kom tillbaka direkt!\", vrålade polisen.')

\"Kom tillbaka direkt!\", vrålade polisen.

Skapa ett program som skriver ut följande:

print(\"Hej!\")

Du hittar ett repetitionsquiz för denna del här:

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