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Efter den här delen

Om en egenskap definieras som privat i basklassen är den inte direkt åtkomlig i några härledda klasser, liksom kort nämndes i föregående avsnitt. Låt oss ta en titt på ett exempel. I klassen Anteckningsbok nedan lagras anteckningarna i en lista, och listattributet är privat:

\nclass Anteckningsbok:\n    \"\"\" En Anteckningsbok förvarar anteckningar i strängformat \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self):\n        # privat attribut\n        self.__anteckningar = []\n\n    def tillsatt_anteckning(self, anteckning):\n        self.__anteckningar.append(anteckning)\n\n    def hamta_anteckning(self, index):\n        return self.__anteckningar[index]\n\n    def alla_anteckningar(self):\n        return \",\".join(self.__anteckningar)\n

Om klassens integritet är viktig är det vettigt att göra listattributen anteckningar privat. Klassen förser trots allt klienten med lämpliga metoder för att lägga till och bläddra i anteckningar. Detta tillvägagångssätt blir problematiskt om vi definierar en ny klass AnteckningsbokPro, som ärver Anteckningsbok-klassen. Det privata listattributet är inte tillgängligt för klienten, men det är inte heller tillgängligt för de härledda klasserna. Om vi försöker komma åt det, som i metoden hamta_anteckningar nedan, får vi ett felmeddelande:

class AnteckningsbokPro(Anteckningsbok):\n    \"\"\" En bättre Anteckningsbok med sökfunktionalitet \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self):\n        # Detta är ok, eftersom konstruktorn är offentlig trots understrykning\n        super().__init__()\n\n    # Detta orsakar ett fel\n    def hitta_anteckningar(self, sokord):\n        hittade = []\n        # Attributet __anteckningar är privat, den härledda\n        # klassen kan inte komma åt den direkt\n        for anteckning in self.__anteckningar:\n            if sokord in anteckning:\n                hittade.append(anteckning)\n\n        return hittade\n

AttributeError: 'AnteckningsbokPro' object has no attribute '_AnteckningsbokPro__anteckningar'

Skyddade egenskaper

Många objektorienterade programmeringsspråk har en funktion, oftast ett speciellt nyckelord, för att skydda egenskaper. Detta innebär att en egenskap ska vara dold för klassens klienter, men hållas tillgänglig för dess underklasser. Python avskyr i allmänhet nyckelord, så ingen sådan funktion är direkt tillgänglig i Python. Istället finns det en konvention för att markera skyddade egenskaper på ett visst sätt.

Kom ihåg att en egenskap kan döljas genom att prefixera dess namn med två understreck:

\ndef __init__(self):\n    self.__anteckningar = []\n

Den överenskomna konventionen för att skydda en egenskap är att prefixera namnet med endast ett understreck. Nu är detta bara en konvention. Ingenting hindrar en programmerare från att bryta mot konventionen, men det anses vara en dålig programmeringspraxis.

\ndef __init__(self):\n    self._anteckningar = []\n

Nedan har vi hela Anteckningsbok-exemplet, med skyddade _anteckningar istället för privata __anteckningar:

\nclass Anteckningsbok:\n    \"\"\" En Anteckningsbok förvarar anteckningar i strängformat \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self):\n        # Skyddade attribut\n        self._anteckningar = []\n\n    def tillsatt_anteckning(self, anteckning):\n        self._anteckningar.append(anteckning)\n\n    def hamta_anteckning(self, index):\n        return self._anteckningar[index]\n\n    def alla_anteckningar(self):\n        return \",\".join(self._anteckningar)\n\nclass AnteckningsbokPro(Anteckningsbok):\n    \"\"\" En bättre Anteckningsbok med sökfunktionalitet \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self):\n        # Detta är ok, eftersom konstruktorn är offentlig trots understrykning\n        super().__init__()\n\n    # Nu fungerar metoden, eftersom den skyddadde attributen är\n    # ankomstbar till den härledda klassen\n    def hitta_anteckningar(self, sokord):\n        hittade = []\n        for anteckning in self._anteckningar:\n            if sokord in anteckning:\n                hittade.append(anteckning)\n\n        return hittade\n

Nedan har vi en praktisk tabell för synligheten av attribut med olika åtkomstmodifierare:

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ÅtkomstmodifierareExempelSynlig till klientenSynlig till härledd klass
Offentligself.namnjaja
Skyddadself._namnnejja
Privatself.__namnnejnej

Åtkomstmodifierare fungerar på samma sätt med alla egenskaper. I klassen Person nedan har vi till exempel den skyddade metoden versalisera_initialer Den kan användas från den härledda klassen Fotbollsspelare:

\nclass Person:\n    def __init__(self, namn: str):\n        self._namn = self._versalisera_initialer(namn)\n\n    def _versalisera_initialer(self, namn):\n        namn_versaliserat = []\n        for n in namn.split(\" \"):\n            namn_versaliserat.append(n.capitalize())\n\n        return \" \".join(namn_versaliserat)\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        return self.__namn\n\nclass Fotbollsspelare(Person):\n\n    def __init__(self, namn: str, smeknamn: str, position: str):\n        super().__init__(namn)\n        # metoden är ankomstbar eftersom den är skyddad i basklassen\n        self.__smeknamn = self._versalisera_initialer(smeknamn)\n        self.__position = position\n\n    def __repr__(self):\n        r =  f\"Fotbollsspelare - namn:{self._namn}, smeknamn: {self.__smeknamn}\"\n        r += f\", position: {self.__position}\"\n        return r\n\n# Testar klasserna\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    fs = Fotbollsspelare(\"peter pythonson\", \"putte\", \"anfallare\")\n    print(fs)\n

Fotbollsspelare - namn:Peter Pythonson, smeknamn: Putte, position: anfallare

I uppgiftsbotten finns färdigt klassdefinitionen för en Superhjalte.

Skapa klassen Supergrupp, som representerar en grupp av superhjältar. Klassen ska innehålla följande:

Exempel av klassen:

superperson = Superhjalte(\"SuperPerson\", \"Supersnabbhet, superstyrka\")\nosynlig = Superhjalte(\"Osynliga Olle\", \"Osynlighet\")\nrevengers = Supergrupp(\"Revengers\", \"Åland\")\n\nrevengers.tillsatt_medlem(superperson)\nrevengers.tillsatt_medlem(osynlig)\nrevengers.skriv_ut_grupp()

Revengers, Åland\nMedlemmar:\nSuperPerson, specialförmågor: Supersnabbhet, superstyrka\nOsynliga Olle, specialförmågor: Osynlighet

Detta kapitel kan vara användbart.

Övningsmallen innehåller klassdefinitionen för en Trolldryck som gör att du kan spara ett recept på en trolldryck. Klassdefinitionen innehåller en konstruktor tillsammans med metoderna

Definiera en klass med namnet HemligTrolldryck som ärver Trolldryck-klassen och som gör att du också kan skydda receptet med ett lösenord.

Den nya klassen ska ha en konstruktor som dessutom tar en lösenordssträng som argument.

Klassen ska dessutom innehålla följande metoder:

Om lösenordsargumentet som ges till någon av dessa metoder är felaktigt ska metoderna ge upphov till ett ValueError-undantag.

Om lösenordet är korrekt ska varje metod anropa den relevanta metoden i den överordnade klassen. Kopiera och klistra inte in något från Trolldryck-klassen.

Exempel på hur detta ska fungera:

krympning = HemligTrolldryck(\"Krympning maximus\", \"hocuspocus\")\nkrympning.tillsatt_ingrediens(\"Granrot\", 1.5, \"hocuspocus\")\nkrympning.tillsatt_ingrediens(\"Magisk sand\", 3.0, \"hocuspocus\")\nkrympning.tillsatt_ingrediens(\"Grodyngel\", 4.0, \"hocuspocus\")\nkrympning.skriv_ut_recept(\"hocuspocus\")\n\nkrympning.skriv_ut_recept(\"pocushocus\") # FEL LÖSENORD
Krympning maximus:\nGranrot 1.5 gram\nMagisk sand 3.0 gram\nGrodyngel 4.0 gram\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"hemlig_trolldryck.py\", line 98, in \nraise ValueError(\"Fel lösenord!\")\nValueError: Fel lösenord!
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