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Du kan använda en \"traditionell\" generator eller en generator comprehension lika väl."}]}]}]},"html":"

Efter den här delen

    \n
  • Vet du vad en Python-generator är
    • \n
  • Kommer du att känna till nyckelordet yield
    • \n
  • Kommer du att kunna skriva dina egna generator-funktioner
    • \n

Vi har redan stött på situationer där vi har att göra med en serie föremål och vi behöver nästa föremål i serien, men vi vill inte nödvändigtvis formulera hela serien fram till den punkten varje gång ett nytt föremål krävs. Vissa rekursiva serier, till exempel Fibonacci-numret, är ett bra exempel på en sådan situation. Om varje funktionsanrop rekursivt genererar hela serien fram till önskad punkt, slutar det med att vi genererar början av serien många gånger om.

Python-generatorer är ett sätt att bara producera nästa föremål i en serie när det behövs, vilket i princip innebär att genereringsprocessen för serien bara körs en gång (för en viss exekvering av ett program). De fungerar i stort sett som vanliga funktioner, eftersom de kan anropas och returnerar värden, men det värde som en generatorfunktion returnerar skiljer sig från en vanlig funktion. En normal funktion ska returnera samma värde varje gång, givet samma argument. En generatorfunktion, å andra sidan, ska komma ihåg sitt nuvarande tillstånd och returnera nästa föremål i serien, som kan skilja sig från föregående föremål.

Precis som det finns många sätt att lösa de flesta programmeringsproblem finns det många sätt att uppnå en funktionalitet som liknar generatorer, men generatorer kan bidra till att göra programmet lättare att förstå och kan i vissa situationer spara minne eller andra beräkningsresurser.

Nyckelordet yield

En generatorfunktion måste innehålla nyckelordet yield, som markerar det värde som funktionen returnerar. Låt oss titta på en funktion som genererar heltal, med början från noll och slut vid ett förutbestämt maxvärde:

\ndef raknare(maximum: int):\n    tal = 0\n    while tal <= maximum:\n        yield tal\n        tal += 1\n

Nu kan raknare-funktionen skickas som argument till funktionen next()

if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    talen = raknare(10)\n    print(\"Första värde:\")\n    print(next(talen))\n    print(\"Andra värde:\")\n    print(next(talen))

Första värde:\n0\nAndra värde:\n1

Som du kan se i exemplet ovan liknar nyckelordet yield nyckelordet return: båda används för att definiera ett returvärde. Skillnaden är att yield inte \"stänger\" funktionen på samma sätt som return. En generatorfunktion med nyckelordet yield håller reda på sitt tillstånd och nästa gång den anropas kommer den att fortsätta från samma tillstånd.

Den här generatorn kräver också ett maxvärde, i exemplet ovan var det 10. När generatorn får slut på värden kommer den att ge upphov till ett StopIteration-undantag:

if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    talen = raknare(1)\n    print(next(talen))\n    print(next(talen))\n    print(next(talen))
0\n1\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"generatorexempel.py\", line 11, in \nprint(next(talen))\nStopIteration

Undantaget kan bli fångat med ett try- except block:

if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    talen = raknare(1)\n    try:\n        print(next(talen))\n        print(next(talen))\n        print(next(talen))\n    except StopIteration:\n        print(\"Talen tog slut\")

0\n1\nTalen tog slut

Att gå igenom alla objekt i en generator görs enkelt med en for-loop:

if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    talen = raknare(5)\n    for tal in talen:\n        print(tal)

0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5

Generatorer behöver inte ha ett definierat maxvärde eller en slutpunkt. De kan generera värden i det oändliga (naturligtvis inom andra beräkningsmässiga och fysiska begränsningar).

Tänk dock på att det bara fungerar att genomkorsa en generator med en for-loop om generatorn avslutas vid någon punkt. Om generatorn är uppbyggd på en oändlig loop kommer en enkel for-loop att orsaka en oändlig exekvering, precis som en while-loop utan slut- eller brytvillkor.

Skapa generatorfunktionen jamna(borjan: int, maximum: int), som tar två heltal som argument. Funktionen ska producera jämna tal börjandes från borjan och slutandes vid, senast, maximum.

Två exempel på användning av funktionen:

talen = jamna(2, 10)\nfor tal in talen:\n    print(tal)

2\n4\n6\n8\n10

talen = jamna(11, 21)\nfor tal in talen:\n    print(tal)

12\n14\n16\n18\n20

Ett primtal är ett tal som är delbart endast med sig självt och talet 1. Enligt konvention definieras primtal som positiva heltal från talet 2 och uppåt. De sex första primtalen är 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 och 13.

Skapa en generatorfunktion primtal() som skapar en ny generator. Generatorn ska returnera nya primtal, ett efter ett i sekvens, från 2 framåt. OBS: den här generatorn avslutas aldrig. Den kommer att generera tal så länge som de behövs.

Till exempel

talen = primtal()\nfor i in range(8):\n    print(next(talen))

2\n3\n5\n7\n11\n13\n17\n19

Tips: du kan använda en loop för att granska ifall ett tal är ett primtal. Ifall vi granskar talet x skulle loopen gå igenom talen 2 till x-1. Ifall x är dividerbart med någon av dessa, är det inte ett primtal.

Generator comprehensions

Du behöver inte nödvändigtvis en funktionsdefinition för att skapa en generator. Vi kan använda en struktur som liknar en list comprehension istället. Den här gången använder vi runda parenteser för att beteckna en generator i stället för en lista eller en ordlista:

# Generatorn returnerar kvadraten av heltal\nkvadrat = (x ** 2 for x in range(1, 64))\n\nprint(kvadrat)\n\nfor i in range(5):\n    print(next(kvadrat))

<generator object <genexpr> at 0x000002B4224EBFC0>\n1\n4\n9\n16\n25

I följande exempel skriver vi ut delsträngar av det engelska alfabetet, var och en tre tecken lång. Detta skriver ut de första 10 objekten i generatorn:

delstrangar = (\"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\"[i : i + 3] for i in range(24))\n\n# skriver ut 10 första delsträngarna\nfor i in range(10):\n    print(next(delstrangar))

abc\nbcd\ncde\ndef\nefg\nfgh\nghi\nhij\nijk\njkl

Skapa funktionen ordgenerator(bokstaver: str, langd: int, antal: int), som returnerar en ny generator som genererar nya, slumpmässiga ord baserat på de angiva parametrarna.

Ett slumpmässigt ord är genererat genom att välja från en sträng av bokstaver så många bokstäver som är indikerade av argumentet langd. Samma bokstav kan förekomma flera gånger i ett slumpmässigt ord.

Generatorn returnerar så många ord som specifierades i argumentet antal innan dess terminering.

Exempel på användning av generatorn:

ordgen = ordgenerator(\"abcdefg\", 3, 5)\nfor ord in ordgen:\n    print(ord)

dbf\nbaf\nead\nfga\nccc

OBS: Det är upp till dig hur du implementerar denna funktion. Du kan använda en \"traditionell\" generator eller en generator comprehension lika väl.

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