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data"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktioner:\n0 avsluta\n1 sök spelare\n2 lag\n3 länder\n4 lagets spelare\n5 landets spelare\n6 flest poäng\n7 flest mål"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nlag: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"OTT"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Drake Batherson OTT 3 + 7 = 10\nJonathan Davidsson OTT 0 + 1 = 1\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nland: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"CAN"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jared McCann PIT 14 + 21 = 35\nTravis Zajac NJD 9 + 16 = 25\nTaylor Fedun DAL 2 + 7 = 9\nMark Jankowski CGY 5 + 2 = 7\nLogan Shaw WPG 3 + 2 = 5\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"mest-framgangsrika-spelare","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Mest framgångsrika spelare"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#mest-framgangsrika-spelare","ariaLabel":"mest framgangsrika spelare permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Det tredje övningspoänget får du från följande två funktionaliteter:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista av "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":" mängd spelare som fått flest poäng\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ifall två spelare har samma mängd poäng, ska den som har flera mål komma först"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista av "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":" mängd spelare som har gjort flest mål\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ifall två spelare har samma mängd mål, ska den som spelat färre spel komma först"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Applikationen ska nu fungera enligt följande:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"fil: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"del.json"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nläste 14 spelares data"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktioner:\n0 avsluta\n1 sök spelare\n2 lag\n3 länder\n4 lagets spelare\n5 landets spelare\n6 flest poäng\n7 flest mål"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nhur många: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jakub Vrana WSH 25 + 27 = 52\nJared McCann PIT 14 + 21 = 35\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nhur många: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jakub Vrana WSH 25 + 27 = 52\nJared McCann PIT 14 + 21 = 35\nJohn Klingberg DAL 6 + 26 = 32\nTravis Zajac NJD 9 + 16 = 25\nConor Sheary BUF 10 + 13 = 23\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nhur många: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Jakub Vrana WSH 25 + 27 = 52\nJared McCann PIT 14 + 21 = 35\nConor Sheary BUF 10 + 13 = 23\nTravis Zajac NJD 9 + 16 = 25\nJohn Klingberg DAL 6 + 26 = 32\nMark Jankowski CGY 5 + 2 = 7\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"instruktion: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Svara till sist på en snabb enkät:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"0b8ac652-d805-558a-a07a-dfa5aa91ae95"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"

Efter den här delen

Vi har redan konstaterat att Python är en utmärkt miljö för att bearbeta text. Ett ytterligare kraftfullt verktyg för textbehandling är reguljära uttryck (eng. regular expressions), ofta förkortat som regex eller regexp. De är ett sätt att välja ut och söka efter strängar som följer ett visst mönster. I det här avsnittet får du en introduktion till grunderna i reguljära uttryck, men du hittar mycket mer information på nätet, bland annat i Pythons egna handledning.

Vad är reguljära uttryck?

Reguljära uttryck är inte bara en Python-funktion. De representerar på sätt och vis ett programmeringsspråk inom ett programmeringsspråk. De är i viss utsträckning kompatibla med många olika programmeringsspråk. Reguljära uttryck har sin egen specifika syntax. Tanken är att definiera en samling strängar som följer vissa regler.

Låt oss börja med ett enkelt exempel innan vi dyker djupare in i syntaxen:

import re\n\norden = [\"Python\", \"Population\", \"Pantomi\", \"Perfekt\", \"Prestation\"]\n\nfor ord in orden:\n    # Ifall strängen börjar med \"P\" och slutar med \"on\"\n    if re.search(\"^P.*on$\", ord):\n        print(ord, \"hittad!\")

Python hittad!\nPopulation hittad!\nPrestation hittad!

Vi behöver importera modulen re för att kunna använda reguljära uttryck i Python. Modulen re innehåller många funktioner för att arbeta med reguljära uttryck. I exemplet ovan tar search-funktionen två strängargument: mönstersträngen och den målsträng där mönstret ska sökas.

I det här andra exemplet letar man efter alla siffror i en sträng. Funktionen findall returnerar en lista över alla instanser som matchar mönstret:

import re\n\nmening = \"Först, 2 !#tredje 44 fem 678xyz962\"\n\nnumren = re.findall(\"\\d+\", mening)\n\nfor nummer in numren:\n    print(nummer)

2\n44\n678\n962

Syntaxen för reguljära uttryck

Låt oss bekanta oss med den grundläggande syntaxen för reguljära uttryck. De flesta av följande exempel använder sig av detta testprogram:

import re\n\nuttryck = input(\"Ange uttryck: \")\n\nwhile True:\n    strang = input(\"Ange sträng: \")\n    if strang == \"\":\n        break\n    if re.search(uttryck, strang):\n        print(\"Hittad!\")\n    else:\n        print(\"Hittades inte.\")

Alternativa delsträngar

Lodstrecket (eng. vertical bar) |, gör att du kan matcha alternativa delsträngar. Dess betydelse är alltså eller. Uttrycket 911|112 matchar t.ex. strängar som innehåller antingen delsträngen 911 eller delsträngen 112.

Ett exempel med testprogrammet:

Ange uttryck: aa|ee|ii\nAnge sträng: kassaaparat\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: beteende\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: friidrott\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: kooperation\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: bastuugn\nHittades inte.

Grupper av tecken

Hakparenteser används för att beteckna grupper av accepterade tecken. Uttrycket [aeio] skulle t.ex. matcha alla strängar som innehåller något av tecknen a, e, i eller o.

Ett bindestreck är också tillåtet för att matcha intervall av tecken. Uttrycket [0-68a-d] skulle till exempel matcha alla strängar som innehåller en siffra mellan 0 och 6, eller en åtta, eller ett tecken mellan a och d. I den här notationen är alla intervall inkluderande.

Om du kombinerar två uppsättningar parenteser kan du matcha två tecken i följd. Till exempel skulle uttrycket [1-3][0-9] matcha alla tvåsiffriga tal mellan 10 och 39, inklusive.

Ett exempel med testprogrammet:

Ange uttryck: [C-FRSÖ]\nAnge sträng: C\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: E\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: G\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: R\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: Ö\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: T\nHittades inte.

Upprepade matchningar

Varje del av ett uttryck kan upprepas med följande operatorer:

Dessa operatorer fungerar på den del av uttrycket som kommer omedelbart före operatorn. Uttrycket ba+b skulle t.ex. matcha delsträngarna bab, baab och baaaaaaaaaaab, bland andra. Uttrycket A[BCDE]*Z skulle matcha delsträngarna AZ, ADZ eller ABCDEBCDEBCDEZ, bland andra.

Ett exempel med testprogrammet:

Ange uttryck: 1[234]*5\nAnge sträng: 15\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: 125\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: 145\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: 12342345\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: 126\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: 165\nHittades inte.

Andra specialtecken

En punkt är ett jokertecken som kan matcha vilket enskilt tecken som helst. Uttrycket c...o skulle till exempel matcha alla delsträngar med fem tecken som börjar med ett c och slutar med ett o, till exempel c-3po eller cello.

Tecknet ^ anger att matchningen måste ske i början av strängen och $ anger att matchningen måste ske i slutet av strängen. Dessa tecken kan också användas för att utesluta andra tecken än de angivna från matchningen:

Ange uttryck: ^[123]*$\nAnge sträng: 4\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: 1221\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: 333333333\nHittad!

Ibland behöver du matcha för specialtecken som är reserverade för syntaxen för reguljära uttryck. Omvänt snedstreck (eng. backslash) \\ kan användas för att undkomma specialtecken. Uttrycket 1+ matchar alltså ett eller flera tal 1, men uttrycket 1\\+ matchar strängen 1+.

Ange uttryck: ^\\*\nAnge sträng: hej*\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: h*e*j\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: *hej\nHittad!

Runda parenteser kan användas för att gruppera ihop olika delar av uttrycket. Till exempel skulle uttrycket (ab)+c matcha delsträngarna abc, ababc och abababababababc, men inte strängarna ac eller bc, eftersom hela delsträngen ab måste förekomma minst en gång.

Ange uttryck: ^(jabba).*(hut)$\nAnge sträng: jabba the hut\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: jabba a hut\nHittad!\nAnge sträng: jarmo the hut\nHittades inte.\nAnge sträng: jabba the smut\nHittades inte.

Här följer några övningar för att bekanta dig med syntaxen för reguljära uttryck.

Veckodagar

Använd ett reguljärt uttryck för att skapa en funktion med namnet ar_veckodag(strang: str). Funktionen ska returnera True om strängen som skickas som argument innehåller en förkortning av en veckodag (mån, tis, ons, tors, fre, lör, sön).

Exempel på hur funktionen ska fungera

print(ar_veckodag(\"mån\"))\nprint(ar_veckodag(\"fre\"))\nprint(ar_veckodag(\"turs\"))

True\nTrue\nFalse

Vokalcheck

Skapa en funktion med namnet alla_vokaler(strang: str) som använder ett reguljärt uttryck för att kontrollera om alla tecken i den givna strängen är vokaler.

Exempel på hur funktionen ska fungera:

print(alla_vokaler(\"eioueioieoieouyyyy\"))\nprint(alla_vokaler(\"biiiiil\"))

True\nFalse

Klockans tid

Skapa funktionen klocktid(strang: str), som använder ett reguljärt uttryck för att granska ifall en sträng av formatet tt:mm:ss är en giltig tid i ett 24-timmars format, med två siffror var för timmar, minuter och sekunder.

Exempel på hur funktionen ska fungera:

print(klocktid(\"12:43:01\"))\nprint(klocktid(\"AB:01:CD\"))\nprint(klocktid(\"17:59:59\"))\nprint(klocktid(\"33:66:77\"))

True\nFalse\nTrue\nFalse

Den stora finalen

Som avslutning på denna del av materialet ska vi arbeta lite mer med objekt och klasser genom att bygga ett lite mer omfattande program. Denna övning innefattar inte nödvändigtvis reguljära uttryck, men avsnitten om Funktioner som argument och list comprehension kommer sannolikt att vara användbara.

Du kan också ha nytta av de exempel som finns i modul 10.

I den här övningen kommer du att bygga en applikation för att undersöka hockeyligastatistik från NHL på ett par olika sätt.

Övningsmallen innehåller två JSON-filer: del.json och alla.json. Den första av dessa är mest avsedd för testning. Den senare innehåller en hel del data, eftersom all NHL-spelarstatistik för säsongen 2019-20 ingår i filen.

Inlägget för en enskild spelare är i följande format:

{\n    \"name\": \"Patrik Laine\",\n    \"nationality\": \"FIN\",\n    \"assists\": 35,\n    \"goals\": 28,\n    \"penalties\": 22,\n    \"team\": \"WPG\",\n    \"games\": 68\n},

Båda filerna innehållar en lista av inlägg enligt ovanstående format.

Ifall du behöver en uppfriskare när det gäller hantering av JOSN-filer, kan du ta en titt på modul 7 i kursmaterialet.

Sök och lista

Skapa en interaktiv applikation som först frågar efter namnet på filen och sedan erbjuder följande funktioner:

Dessa funktioner ger dig totalt ett övningspoäng. Din applikation ska nu fungera enligt följande:

fil: del.json\nläste 14 spelares data

instruktioner:\n0 avsluta\n1 sök spelare\n2 lag\n3 länder\n4 lagets spelare\n5 landets spelare\n6 flest poäng\n7 flest mål

instruktion: 1\nnamn: Travis Zajac

\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\n

instruktion: 2\nBUF\nCGY\nDAL\nNJD\nNYI\nOTT\nPIT\nWPG\nWSH

instruktion: 3\nCAN\nCHE\nCZE\nSWE\nUSA

instruktion: 0

Obs: Utskriftens format för en spelare måste vara exakt enligt följande:

\nLeon Draisaitl       EDM  43 + 67 = 110\nConnor McDavid       EDM  34 + 63 =  97\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nMike Green           EDM   3 +  8 =  11\nMarkus Granlund      EDM   3 +  1 =   4\n123456789012345678901234567890123456789\n

Den sista raden i exemplet ovan är till för att hjälpa dig att beräkna bredden på de olika fälten i utskriften; du ska inte skriva ut nummerraden själv i din slutliga inlämning.

Förkortningen för teamet skrivs ut från det 22:a tecknet och framåt. +-tecknet är det 30:e tecknet och =-tecknet är det 35:e tecknet. Alla fält ska vara justifierade till högerkanten. Alla blanksteg är mellanslagstecken.

F-strängar är förmodligen det enklaste sättet att uppnå den önskade utskriften. Processen är liknande som övningen Kursresultat del 3 från modul 6.

Lista spelare enligt poäng

Följande funktionalitet ger dig ditt andra övningspoäng:

Din applikation ska nu fungera enligt följande:

fil: del.json\nläste 14 spelares data

instruktioner:\n0 avsluta\n1 sök spelare\n2 lag\n3 länder\n4 lagets spelare\n5 landets spelare\n6 flest poäng\n7 flest mål

instruktion: 4\nlag: OTT

\nDrake Batherson      OTT   3 +  7 =  10\nJonathan Davidsson   OTT   0 +  1 =   1\n

instruktion: 5\nland: CAN

\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nTaylor Fedun         DAL   2 +  7 =   9\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\nLogan Shaw           WPG   3 +  2 =   5\n

instruktion: 0

Mest framgångsrika spelare

Det tredje övningspoänget får du från följande två funktionaliteter:

Applikationen ska nu fungera enligt följande:

fil: del.json\nläste 14 spelares data

instruktioner:\n0 avsluta\n1 sök spelare\n2 lag\n3 länder\n4 lagets spelare\n5 landets spelare\n6 flest poäng\n7 flest mål

instruktion: 6\nhur många: 2

\nJakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\n

instruktion: 6\nhur många: 5

\nJakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nJohn Klingberg       DAL   6 + 26 =  32\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nConor Sheary         BUF  10 + 13 =  23\n

instruktion: 7\nhur många: 6

\nJakub Vrana          WSH  25 + 27 =  52\nJared McCann         PIT  14 + 21 =  35\nConor Sheary         BUF  10 + 13 =  23\nTravis Zajac         NJD   9 + 16 =  25\nJohn Klingberg       DAL   6 + 26 =  32\nMark Jankowski       CGY   5 +  2 =   7\n

instruktion: 0

Svara till sist på en snabb enkät:

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