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ojämnt\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"else"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Talet är negativt\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Man kan inte på rak arm säga vilkendera lösning som är bättre. Situationen bestämmer ofta hur det lönar sig att bygga upp if-satsen på ett logiskt sätt. I det här exemplet tycker många att versionen med nästling är mer intuitiv."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Skottår","tmcname":"osa02-12_skottar"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ett år är ett skottår om det är delbart med fyra. Om årtalet däremot är delbart med 100 är det ett skottår enbart då det är delbart med 400."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in ett årtal. Programmet ska sedan meddela om året är ett skottår eller inte."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ange år: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2011"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nÅret är inte ett skottår."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ange år: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2020"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nÅret är ett skottår."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ange år: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1800"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nÅret är inte ett skottår."}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"I mitten av alfabetet","tmcname":"osa02-13_mellerst_i_alfabetet"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in tre bokstäver. Programmet ska sedan skriva ut den mellersta bokstaven om man ser till den alfabetiska ordningen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Du kan anta att alla bokstäver är antingen gemener eller versaler (små/STORA)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge bokstav 1: x\nGe bokstav 2: c\nGe bokstav 3: p\nDen mellersta bokstaven är p"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge bokstav 1: C\nGe bokstav 2: B\nGe bokstav 3: A\nDen mellersta bokstaven är B"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Gåvoskatt","tmcname":"osa02-14_gavoskatt","height":"500px"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.vero.fi/sv/privatpersoner/egendom/gava/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Enligt skattemyndigheten"}]},{"type":"text","value":" är en gåva egendom som överlåts till en annan person utan ersättning. Om en person får gåvor från samma person till ett värde på 5 000 euro eller mera, ska gåvoskatt betalas."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"När gåvan kommer från en nära släkting, räknas gåvoskatten "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.vero.fi/sv/privatpersoner/egendom/gava/g%C3%A5voskatter%C3%A4knaren/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"enligt följande tabell"}]},{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"thead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Gåvans värde"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skatt vid nedre gränsen"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skatteprocent för överstigande andel"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5 000 - 25 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"25 000 - 55 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 700"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"55 000 - 200 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4 700"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"12"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"200 000 - 1 000 000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"22 100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"15"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 000 000 -"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"142 100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"td","properties":{"align":"center"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"17"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Till exempel för en gåva på 6 000 euro ska man betala 180 euro skatt (100 + (6000 - 5000) * 0,08). För en gåva på 75 000 euro betalar man 7 100 euro i beskattningen (4700 + (75000 - 55000) * 0,12)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som beräknar den gåvoskatt man måste betala på en gåva från en nära släkting. Nedan följer några exempel."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Gåvans värde? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3500"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nIngen gåvoskatt!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Gåvans värde? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5000"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nGåvoskatt: 100.0 euro"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Gåvans värde? "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"27500"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nGåvoskatt: 1950.0 euro"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"288d43ab-2e09-5dc9-90a8-42f4aef6493f"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"

Efter den här delen

Logiska operatorer

Du kan kombinera flera villkorsuttryck med de logiska operatorerna and och or. Operatorn and innebär att alla ingående villkorsuttryck måste vara sanna samtidigt. Operatorn or kräver att minst ett av villkorsuttrycken är sant.

Till exempel villkoret tal >= 5 and tal <= 8 anger att tal måste samtidigt vara minst fem och högst åtta – alltså mellan fem och åtta.

tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal: \"))\nif tal >= 5 and tal <= 8:\n    print(\"Talet är mellan 5 och 8\")

Villkoret tal < 5 or tal > 8 anger att talet måste vara mindre än fem eller större än åtta – alltså inte mellan fem till åtta.

tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal: \"))\nif tal < 5 or tal > 8:\n    print(\"Talet är inte mellan 5 och 8\")

Den här sanningstabellen beskriver hur operatorerna fungerar i olika situationer:

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
aba and ba or b
FalseFalseFalseFalse
TrueFalseFalseTrue
FalseTrueFalseTrue
TrueTrueTrueTrue

Ibland kan det vara bra att veta om ett villkorsuttryck inte är sant. Operatorn not inverterar ett värde, dvs. byter det till det motsatta:

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
anot a
TrueFalse
FalseTrue

Det ovanstående exemplet som anger om talet inte är mellan 5-8 kan också skrivas så här:

nummer = int(input(\"Ge en siffra: \"))\nif not (nummer >= 5 and nummer <= 8):\n    print(\"Siffran är inte mellan 5 och 8\")

Logiska operatorer kallas framför allt inom programmering för Boolean-operatorer.

Villkoret x >= a and x <= b är ett mycket vanligt sätt att bestämma om talet x ligger i intervallet a till b. Den här strukturen återkommer i flera programmeringsspråk.

Python ger oss också möjlighet att använda oss av ett förenklat uttryckssätt för att kombinera villkorsuttryck: a <= x <= b ger samma resultat som den längre versionen med and. Den här notationen är kanske bekant från matematikens värld men den används inte så ofta i Python – kanske för att många andra programmeringsspråk saknar liknande syntax.

Att kombinera och kedja villkorsuttryck

Det här programmet ber användaren att mata in fyra tal. Sedan kollar programmet vilket tal som är störst med hjälp av några villkor:

n1 = int(input(\"Ge tal 1: \"))\nn2 = int(input(\"Ge tal 2: \"))\nn3 = int(input(\"Ge tal 3: \"))\nn4 = int(input(\"Ge tal 4: \"))\n\nif n1 > n2 and n1 > n3 and n1 > n4:\n    storst = n1\nelif n2 > n3 and n2 > n4:\n    storst = n2\nelif n3 > n4:\n    storst = n3\nelse:\n    storst = n4\n\nprint(f\" {storst} är det största talet.\")

Ge tal 1: 2\nGe tal 2: 4\nGe tal 3: 1\nGe tal 4: 1\n4 är det största talet.

I exemplet ovan är n1 > n2 and n1 > n3 and n1 > n4 sant endast då alla tre \"delvillkor\" är sanna.

Skapa ett program som ber användern mata in sin ålder och skriva ut ett meddelande beroende på åldern. Om åldern är under fem, eller t.o.m. negativ ska programmet reagera på det.

Se exemplen nedan:

Vad är din ålder? 13\nOkej, du är alltså 13 år

Vad är din ålder? 2\nJag tror inte att du kan skriva...

Vad är din ålder? -4\nDu måste ha skrivit fel.

Skapa ett program som ber användare mata in sitt namn.

Om namnet är Knatte, Fnatte eller Tjatte, ska programmet anta att användaren är Kalle Ankas brorson.

Om namnet är Teddi eller Freddi, ska programmet anta att användaren är Musse Piggs brorson.

Exempel:

Ange ditt namn: Teddi\nDu är antagligen Musse Piggs brorson.

Ange ditt namn: Fnatte\nDu är antagligen Kalle Ankas brorson.

Ange ditt namn: Kid\nJag vet inte vems brorson du är.

Följande tabell beskriver hur man kommer fram till vitsordet på en kurs. Skapa ett program som meddelar vitsordet på basis av den här tabellen.

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PoängVitsord
< 0omöjligt!
0-49underkänt
50-591
60-692
70-793
80-894
90-1005
> 100omöjligt!

Exempel på programmets funktion:

Ge poäng [0-100]: 37\nVitsord: underkänt

Ge poäng [0-100]: 76\nVitsord: 3

Ge poäng [0-100]: -3\nVitsord: omöjligt!

Det här programmet ska be användaren att mata in ett tal. Om talet är delbart med 3, skriver man ut Fizz. Om talet är delbart med 5, skriver man ut Buzz. Om talet är delbart med både 3 och 5, skriver man ut FizzBuzz.

Exempel:

Tal: 9\nFizz

Tal: 7

Tal: 20\nBuzz

Tal: 45\nFizzBuzz

Kapslade if-satser

if-satser kan nästlas innanför andra if-satser. Till exempel kollar följande program först om talet är noll innan det kollar om talet är jämnt eller inte.

tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal: \"))\n\nif tal > 0:\n    if tal % 2 == 0:\n        print(\"Talet är jämnt\")\n    else:\n        print(\"Talet är ojämnt\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Talet är negativt\")

Så här kan programmet fungera:

Ge ett tal: 3\nTalet är ojämnt

Ge ett tal: 18\nTalet är jämnt

Ge ett tal: -4\nTalet är negativt

När man nästlar if-satser är det viktigt att indenteringen blir rätt. Indenteringen bestämmer vilka grenar som hör ihop. Till exempel tolkas en if-gren och en else-gren med samma indenteringsnivå som grenar av en och samma if-sats.

Ofta kan man åstadkomma samma sak med logiska operatorer och nästlade if-satser. Det följande exemplet fungerar helt på samma sätt som exemplet ovan:

tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal: \"))\n\nif tal > 0 and tal % 2 == 0:\n    print(\"Talet är jämnt\")\nelif tal > 0 and tal % 2 != 0:\n    print(\"Talet är ojämnt\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Talet är negativt\")

Man kan inte på rak arm säga vilkendera lösning som är bättre. Situationen bestämmer ofta hur det lönar sig att bygga upp if-satsen på ett logiskt sätt. I det här exemplet tycker många att versionen med nästling är mer intuitiv.

Ett år är ett skottår om det är delbart med fyra. Om årtalet däremot är delbart med 100 är det ett skottår enbart då det är delbart med 400.

Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in ett årtal. Programmet ska sedan meddela om året är ett skottår eller inte.

Ange år: 2011\nÅret är inte ett skottår.

Ange år: 2020\nÅret är ett skottår.

Ange år: 1800\nÅret är inte ett skottår.

Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in tre bokstäver. Programmet ska sedan skriva ut den mellersta bokstaven om man ser till den alfabetiska ordningen.

Du kan anta att alla bokstäver är antingen gemener eller versaler (små/STORA).

Exempel:

Ge bokstav 1: x\nGe bokstav 2: c\nGe bokstav 3: p\nDen mellersta bokstaven är p

Ge bokstav 1: C\nGe bokstav 2: B\nGe bokstav 3: A\nDen mellersta bokstaven är B

Enligt skattemyndigheten är en gåva egendom som överlåts till en annan person utan ersättning. Om en person får gåvor från samma person till ett värde på 5 000 euro eller mera, ska gåvoskatt betalas.

När gåvan kommer från en nära släkting, räknas gåvoskatten enligt följande tabell:

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Gåvans värdeSkatt vid nedre gränsenSkatteprocent för överstigande andel
5 000 - 25 0001008
25 000 - 55 0001 70010
55 000 - 200 0004 70012
200 000 - 1 000 00022 10015
1 000 000 -142 10017

Till exempel för en gåva på 6 000 euro ska man betala 180 euro skatt (100 + (6000 - 5000) * 0,08). För en gåva på 75 000 euro betalar man 7 100 euro i beskattningen (4700 + (75000 - 55000) * 0,12).

Skapa ett program som beräknar den gåvoskatt man måste betala på en gåva från en nära släkting. Nedan följer några exempel.

Gåvans värde? 3500\nIngen gåvoskatt!

Gåvans värde? 5000\nGåvoskatt: 100.0 euro

Gåvans värde? 27500\nGåvoskatt: 1950.0 euro

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