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Programmet skriver ut alla jämna tal från noll fram till det tal som användaren angett:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"grans "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"int"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"input"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Ge ett tal: \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\ni "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":" grans"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"i"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"+="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n0\n2\n4\n6"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Hjälpvariabeln "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" har tilldelats värdet 0 före loopen, som ökar på talet med två för varje iteration."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"När man använder kapslade loopar kan det uppstå ett behov för en ny hjälpvariabel för den inre loopen. Följande program skriver ut en \"sifferpyramid\" baserat på det tal som användaren angett:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tal "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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2 3 4\n0 1 2 3\n0 1 2\n0 1\n0"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I programmet använder den yttre loopen hjälpvariabeln "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tal"}]},{"type":"text","value":" som minskar med ett tills dess värde blir 0. Hjälpvariabeln "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" tilldelas värdet 0 före man fortsätter till den inre loopen – varje gång den yttre loopen upprepas."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Den inre loopen använder sig av hjälpvariabeln "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" som ökar med talet 1 för varje iteration av den inre loopen. Den inre loopen fortsätter tills "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" är lika med "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tal"}]},{"type":"text","value":", och skriver ut varje värde hos "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"i"}]},{"type":"text","value":" med mellanslag emellan. När loopen avslutas skapar "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-instruktionen i den yttre loopen en ny rad."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I och med att värdet på "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tal"}]},{"type":"text","value":" minskar för varje iteration av den yttre loopen, kommer antalet iterationer hos den inre loopen att minska. Vid varje upprepning blir sifferraden kortare, vilket bildar \"pyramiden\"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Nästlade loopar kan vara svårtolkade vid första anblicken, men det är viktigt att förstå hur de fungerar. Du kan använda dig av Python Tutors "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://pythontutor.com/visualize.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"visualiseringsverktyg"}]},{"type":"text","value":" för att bättre förstå hur ovanstående exempel fungerar. Kopiera koden till kodfönstret och följ med hur utskriften formas och hur hjälpvariablernas värden ändras medan programmet körs."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Multiplikationstabell","tmcname":"osa03-15b_multiplikationstabell"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som ber om ett positivt heltal av användaren. Programmet ska skriva ut multiplikationsoperationer ända upp till det talet, enligt följande exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: 2\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: 3\n1 x 1 = 1\n1 x 2 = 2\n1 x 3 = 3\n2 x 1 = 2\n2 x 2 = 4\n2 x 3 = 6\n3 x 1 = 3\n3 x 2 = 6\n3 x 3 = 9"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Ordens första bokstäver","tmcname":"osa03-16_forsta_bokstaverna"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in en mening. Programmet skriver därefter ut den första bokstaven i varje ord på sin egen rad."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge en mening: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Kira gillade klara glaskulor"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nK\ng\nk\ng"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Fakulteter","tmcname":"osa03-17_fakulteter"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in ett heltal. Om talet är negativt eller noll, avslutas programmet. I övriga fall skriver programmet ut talets fakultet."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fakulteten beräknas genom att multiplicera talet med sig själv samt alla mindre positiva heltal. Fakulteten för 5 är t.ex. "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTalets 3 fakultet är 6\nGe ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTalets 4 fakultet är 24\nGe ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"-1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTack och hej!"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTalets 1 fakultet är 1\nGe ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nTack och hej!"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Sväng paren","tmcname":"osa03-18_svang_paren"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som skriver ut tal från 1 till det tal användaren matat in. Talen ska komma i turvis omvänd ordning som i följande exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2\n1\n4\n3\n5"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n2\n1\n4\n3\n6\n5"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"in-browser-programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Turvis","tmcname":"osa03-19_turvis"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ett program som ber användaren mata in ett tal. Programmet ska skriva ut talen turvis enligt följande exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n5\n2\n4\n3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ge ett tal: "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n1\n6\n2\n5\n3\n4"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"e0e92830-26de-5718-9aee-68c52d3df14b"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"

Efter den här delen

break-instruktionen

Du har redan bekantat dig med break-instruktionen. Det kan användas för att direkt avsluta en loop. Ett exempel på ett användningsområde är då man ber användaren om någon information och loopen ska avslutas när ett visst värde matats in.

Samma funktionalitet kan skapas utan break-instruktionen genom att formulera ett lämpligt villkorsuttryck för while-loopen. Följande två program ber användaren mata in tal som adderas ihop tills användaren matar in -1.

# version 1 med break-instruktion\n\nsumma = 0\n\nwhile True:\n    tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: \"))\n    if tal == -1:\n        break\n    summa += tal\n\nprint (f\"Summan är {summa}\")
# version 2 utan break-instruktion\n\nsumma = 0\ntal = 0\n\nwhile tal != -1:\n    tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: \"))\n    if tal != -1:\n        summa += tal\n\nprint (f\"Summan är {summa}\")

Båda programmen ger samma utskrift med samma indata, exempelvis:

Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 2\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 4\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 5\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 3\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: -1\nSumman är 14

Båda programmen är alltså identiska till sin funktionalitet, men den första metoden är ofta enklare eftersom villkoret tal == 1 endast finns på ett ställe och variabeln tal inte behöver initieras utanför loopen.

break-instruktionen kan kombineras med ett lämpligt villkor. Till exempel körs följande loop så länge som summan av talen är högst 100, men avslutas också då man matar in -1.

Så här kan det se ut när programmet körs:

summa = 0\n\nwhile summa <= 100:\n    tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: \"))\n    if tal == -1:\n        break\n    summa += tal\n\nprint (f\"Summan är {summa}\")

Exempel:

Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 15\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 8\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 21\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: -1\nSumman är 44

Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 15\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 8\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 21\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 45\nGe ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: 17\nSumman är 106

I det första exemplet avslutas loopen eftersom användaren matar in -1. I det andra exemplet avslutas loopen eftersom summan blir större än 100.

Som alltid inom programmering finns det flera sätt att uppnå samma resultat. Följande program fungerar på samma sätt som de två exemplen ovan:

summa = 0\n\nwhile True:\n    tal = int(input(\"Ge ett tal, -1 avslutar programmet: \"))\n    if tal == -1:\n        break\n    summa += tal\n    if summa > 100:\n        break\n\nprint (f\"Summan är {summa}\")

continue-instruktionen

Ett annat sätt att påverka hur en loop körs är continue-instruktionen. Det får loopen att hoppa till början av kodblocket, det vill säga så att villkoret kollas innan följande iteration körs. Det är alltså ett sätt att avbryta en given runda/iteration av loopen, utan att avbryta hela loopen.

\n \n