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Från teknisk synvinkel stämmer detta inte i Python – variabler innehåller inte ett värde, utan en referens till ett objekt, såsom en siffra, sträng eller en lista."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I praktiken innebär det att man inte lagrar ett värde i en variabel, utan däremot en minnesposition där man kan hitta variabelns värde."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"En referens kan beskrivas som en pil från variabeln till dess riktiga värde:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 261px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 30.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAA1ElEQVQY041ROQ6EQAyb7/MBfsA/aCgoEHQcDQ2XOMQlxI1XzgqKbdhIljzJ2JNk1DiOKIoCdV1jnmfEcYymaZBlmSBJEjDO88R1Xa9Qx3FgWRYRMUHTaZoE5Kwx/2+om7yJ+AA7b9tWprl5VVXCu66TiaRDgoY3v8FI0xR93z8idlyWpRhxAtaZZ5imCUXXKIpkj77vCyeCIECe59A0Dbquyw7XdX0m4e750L7vgm3b4Lrut0MeeJGiXwzDIAb8LM/zEIYhbNuG4zjCLcuSPOuGYeADgRnJTrwaxUwAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/a0b58/5_2_1.webp 230w","/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/ad293/5_2_1.webp 261w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/81c8e/5_2_1.png 230w","/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png 261w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png","alt":"5 2 1","title":"5 2 1","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Referensen berättar alltså var det riktiga värdet finns. Funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"id"}]},{"type":"text","value":" berättar vad en variabel refererar till:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"id"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"a"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nb "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Det här är också en referens\""}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"id"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"b"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4538357072\n4537788912"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Referensen, alltså variabelns id är ett heltal. Man kan tänka att talet är adressen för variabelns värde i datorns minne. Observera att om du kör koden ovan på din dator, kommer resultatet sannolikt vara ett annat eftersom variablerna knappast har lagrats på exakt samma adress i din dators minne."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Som vi redan såg i förra delens exempel, visar Python Tutors visualiseringsverktyg referenser som \"pilar\" till det egentliga innehållet. Verktyget \"lurar\" ändå när det kommer till strängar, och visar dem som att strängens innehåll skulle vara lagrat i själva variabeln:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n      "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 29.565217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA2klEQVQY00VQ207EIBDt//+ZzxoT48boBsEs2wKlMMBcMFLbPQ/nYeZcMjP1f0jvnYhDiBkKsxzzTkRhYNs2GCAiZhaR6RQx87yE67e18yryMCPiPM/OeQBgZiKSASI6zCKQkzFaqS+AlNJWaz02jyCAzEyttZyrSJ/2GEbEAj7Eq7J3F1trxLwbakNjw8999bHdfK7IUHLKtvcyRbcsi3POneqzkEdnyvXlYp7f9dunff24xUxQVx+eAC4TIRIRIhpjtNaDtFLKey/y9whmqZWgVCgtl7ZfsfMv95hb032qZjcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/a0b58/5_2_1a.webp 230w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/bc10c/5_2_1a.webp 460w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/966d8/5_2_1a.webp 920w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/445df/5_2_1a.webp 1380w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/78de1/5_2_1a.webp 1840w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/0dc73/5_2_1a.webp 1940w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/81c8e/5_2_1a.png 230w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/08a84/5_2_1a.png 460w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png 920w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/b1001/5_2_1a.png 1380w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/161ec/5_2_1a.png 1840w","/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png 1940w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n          "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png","alt":"5 2 1a","title":"5 2 1a","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n        "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Så är det inte i verkligheten – strängar behandlas också internt av Python på samma sätt som listor."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Flera av Pythons inbyggda datatyper – som "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"str"}]},{"type":"text","value":" – är oföränderliga. 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2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7]\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionen hittar det nästminsta värdet, men sorterar dessutom listan. Om elementens ordning har betydelse på andra håll i programmet kommer det här funktionsanropet eventuellt att orsaka fel. Oplanerade modifikationer som görs hos objekt som ges som referens till en funktion kallas sidoeffekter."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vi kan förhindra den här sidoeffekten genom att göra en liten ändring i funktionen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"def"}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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kopia"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\ntal "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" 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"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"nast_minst"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tal"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"tal"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2\n[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sorted"}]},{"type":"text","value":" returnerar en ny sorterad kopia av listan, så vi behöver inte mera \"sabotera\" den ursprungliga listan när vi söker efter det näst minsta värdet."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Det är en god vana att försöka undvika sidoeffekter i funktioner. Sidoeffekter kan göra det svårare att säkerställa att programmet fungerar som det ska i alla situationer."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktioner som saknar sidoeffekter kallas rena funktioner. Då man arbetar med funktionell programmering är rena funktioner speciellt viktiga. Vi kommer se närmare på det under fortsättningskursen i programmering."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"baa27c32-5bb0-5a50-9270-984635e7c8a7"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"<div><text-box variant='learningObjectives' name='Lärandemål'><p>Efter den här delen</p><ul>\n<li>vet du vad som menas med en referens till en variabel</li>\n<li>vet du att det kan finnas flera referenser till ett och samma objekt</li>\n<li>kan du använda listor som parameter i funktioner</li>\n<li>förstår du vad som menas med en funktions sidoeffekter.</li>\n</ul></text-box><p>Hittills har vi tänkt att en variabel är en slags \"låda\" som innehåller variabelns värde. Från teknisk synvinkel stämmer detta inte i Python – variabler innehåller inte ett värde, utan en referens till ett objekt, såsom en siffra, sträng eller en lista.</p><p>I praktiken innebär det att man inte lagrar ett värde i en variabel, utan däremot en minnesposition där man kan hitta variabelns värde.</p><p>En referens kan beskrivas som en pil från variabeln till dess riktiga värde:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 261px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 30.869565217391305%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAYAAADDl76dAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAA1ElEQVQY041ROQ6EQAyb7/MBfsA/aCgoEHQcDQ2XOMQlxI1XzgqKbdhIljzJ2JNk1DiOKIoCdV1jnmfEcYymaZBlmSBJEjDO88R1Xa9Qx3FgWRYRMUHTaZoE5Kwx/2+om7yJ+AA7b9tWprl5VVXCu66TiaRDgoY3v8FI0xR93z8idlyWpRhxAtaZZ5imCUXXKIpkj77vCyeCIECe59A0Dbquyw7XdX0m4e750L7vgm3b4Lrut0MeeJGiXwzDIAb8LM/zEIYhbNuG4zjCLcuSPOuGYeADgRnJTrwaxUwAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/a0b58/5_2_1.webp 230w,\n/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/ad293/5_2_1.webp 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/81c8e/5_2_1.png 230w,\n/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8687855d3e59d8151e4fce49ec9669b0/edf96/5_2_1.png\" alt=\"5 2 1\" title=\"5 2 1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Referensen berättar alltså var det riktiga värdet finns. Funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">id</code> berättar vad en variabel refererar till:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"Det här är också en referens\"</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>b<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4538357072\n4537788912</p></sample-output><p>Referensen, alltså variabelns id är ett heltal. Man kan tänka att talet är adressen för variabelns värde i datorns minne. Observera att om du kör koden ovan på din dator, kommer resultatet sannolikt vara ett annat eftersom variablerna knappast har lagrats på exakt samma adress i din dators minne.</p><p>Som vi redan såg i förra delens exempel, visar Python Tutors visualiseringsverktyg referenser som \"pilar\" till det egentliga innehållet. Verktyget \"lurar\" ändå när det kommer till strängar, och visar dem som att strängens innehåll skulle vara lagrat i själva variabeln:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 29.565217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAGCAIAAABM9SnKAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA2klEQVQY00VQ207EIBDt//+ZzxoT48boBsEs2wKlMMBcMFLbPQ/nYeZcMjP1f0jvnYhDiBkKsxzzTkRhYNs2GCAiZhaR6RQx87yE67e18yryMCPiPM/OeQBgZiKSASI6zCKQkzFaqS+AlNJWaz02jyCAzEyttZyrSJ/2GEbEAj7Eq7J3F1trxLwbakNjw8999bHdfK7IUHLKtvcyRbcsi3POneqzkEdnyvXlYp7f9dunff24xUxQVx+eAC4TIRIRIhpjtNaDtFLKey/y9whmqZWgVCgtl7ZfsfMv95hb032qZjcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/a0b58/5_2_1a.webp 230w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/bc10c/5_2_1a.webp 460w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/966d8/5_2_1a.webp 920w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/445df/5_2_1a.webp 1380w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/78de1/5_2_1a.webp 1840w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/0dc73/5_2_1a.webp 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/81c8e/5_2_1a.png 230w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/08a84/5_2_1a.png 460w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png 920w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/b1001/5_2_1a.png 1380w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/161ec/5_2_1a.png 1840w,\n/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/94cea/5_2_1a.png 1940w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9d19433a6bc55bf386a8fbcc572dba74/c0255/5_2_1a.png\" alt=\"5 2 1a\" title=\"5 2 1a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Så är det inte i verkligheten – strängar behandlas också internt av Python på samma sätt som listor.</p><p>Flera av Pythons inbyggda datatyper – som <code class=\"language-text\">str</code> – är oföränderliga. Det betyder att värdet på objektet aldrig kan ändras. Däremot kan ett värde ersättas med ett nytt värde.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 281px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/e866c943663bc4d8360df84d7bc1c4de/6b1e2/5_2_2.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 85.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e866c943663bc4d8360df84d7bc1c4de/a0b58/5_2_2.webp 230w,\n/static/e866c943663bc4d8360df84d7bc1c4de/f44a8/5_2_2.webp 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/e866c943663bc4d8360df84d7bc1c4de/81c8e/5_2_2.png 230w,\n/static/e866c943663bc4d8360df84d7bc1c4de/6b1e2/5_2_2.png 281w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/e866c943663bc4d8360df84d7bc1c4de/6b1e2/5_2_2.png\" alt=\"5 2 2\" title=\"5 2 2\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>I Python finns också datatyper som är föränderliga. Till exempel kan innehållet i en lista förändras utan att man behöver skapa en ny lista:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 70.43478260869564%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/a0b58/5_2_3.webp 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/cadab/5_2_3.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/81c8e/5_2_3.png 230w,\n/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/8b07a257ace229cc26a5eedf03a60986/5fce1/5_2_3.png\" alt=\"5 2 3\" title=\"5 2 3\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Något förvånande är att också grundläggande datatyper för lagring av tal och sanningsvärden, <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">float</code> och <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code>, är oföränderliga. Låt oss använda följande kod som exempel:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\ntal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span>\ntal <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Det verkar som att koden ändrar på talet, men från teknisk synvinkel är det inte så. Istället skapar varje instruktion ett nytt tal.</p><p>Utskriften från det här programmet är intressant:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">tal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\ntal <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\na <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">id</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>a<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>4535856912\n4535856944\n4535856912</p></sample-output><p>I början refererar variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">tal</code> till adressen <code class=\"language-text\">4535856912</code> och när variabelns värde förändras refererar variabeln till adressen <code class=\"language-text\">4535856944</code>. När variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">a</code> definieras och får värdet <code class=\"language-text\">1</code>, kommer variabeln att referera till samma ställe som variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">tal</code> när dess värde var <code class=\"language-text\">1</code>.</p><p>Det verkar som att Python har lagrat siffran 1 i adressen <code class=\"language-text\">4535856912</code> och alltid då en variabels värde är <code class=\"language-text\">1</code>, refererar variabeln till det här specifika stället i \"datorns minne\".</p><p>Även om de grundläggande datatyperna <code class=\"language-text\">int</code>, <code class=\"language-text\">float</code> och <code class=\"language-text\">bool</code> är referenser behöver man som programmerare egentligen inte fundera på det.</p><h2 id=\"flera-referenser-till-en-och-samma-lista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Flera referenser till en och samma lista<a href=\"#flera-referenser-till-en-och-samma-lista\" aria-label=\"flera referenser till en och samma lista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vi undersöker vad som händer om vi försöker kopiera en lista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">a <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nb <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> a\nb<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><p>Deklarationen <code class=\"language-text\">b = a</code> kopierar variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">a</code>:s värde till variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">b</code>. Det är ändå viktigt att observera att variabelns värde inte är en lista utan en referens till listan.</p><p>Deklarationen <code class=\"language-text\">b = a</code> kopierar alltså referensen, varpå det efter kopieringen finns två referenser till samma lista.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 271px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 129.99999999999997%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/a0b58/5_2_4.webp 230w,\n/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/cadab/5_2_4.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/81c8e/5_2_4.png 230w,\n/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/73c7fae5118d6e5b03c576f1a9d14c3f/5fce1/5_2_4.png\" alt=\"5 2 4\" title=\"5 2 4\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Listan kan behandlas med båda referenserna:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nlista2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nlista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 20, 3, 4]\n[10, 20, 3, 4]</p></sample-output><p>Om flera variabler refererar till samma lista, kan vi använda vilken som helst av variablerna för att komma åt listan. Det innebär dock också att ändringar som görs via en referens också kommer att påverka alla andra referenser.</p><p>Visualiseringsverktyget klargör igen vad som sker i programmet:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c6720/5_2_4a.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 32.608695652173914%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA30lEQVQY03WQwW7DIAyG8/7vtcsm7bLTTu0ydQmFMMC4CWCbKUyjUaV9Bw6WP/4fhnogpew95FyOQxEBgBBCjPHWSClxY+hLRDR+qtM4T8qu68rMfT5Ns1JXACh/iMij7J1DjIhIRCLSk9u5R4lwzvk3lojuMjMbs2htELGb+6XMLuDXbCDeiOjb2Vq51n3hLqecrF2M0Yjx+OZC/D4uz2/niwbcNutevX+K8UUEB9nLCDGXUpRxp/G62NDb7o1EXEwfFx3X3DJg21zOQYQHa60xxnvfhEpcWerDb9d/+AGpwZhBrvAmDQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/a0b58/5_2_4a.webp 230w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/bc10c/5_2_4a.webp 460w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/966d8/5_2_4a.webp 920w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/445df/5_2_4a.webp 1380w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/78de1/5_2_4a.webp 1840w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/da98d/5_2_4a.webp 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/81c8e/5_2_4a.png 230w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/08a84/5_2_4a.png 460w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c0255/5_2_4a.png 920w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/b1001/5_2_4a.png 1380w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/161ec/5_2_4a.png 1840w,\n/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c6720/5_2_4a.png 1922w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cf84b632e91094d24c611bd9d800a737/c0255/5_2_4a.png\" alt=\"5 2 4a\" title=\"5 2 4a\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><h2 id=\"att-kopiera-en-lista\" style=\"position:relative;\">Att kopiera en lista<a href=\"#att-kopiera-en-lista\" aria-label=\"att kopiera en lista permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Om du vill skapa en verklig kopia av en lista kan du skapa en ny lista och lägga till alla element från den ursprungliga listan i den nya listan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkopia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> element <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>element<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nkopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nkopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"lista\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"kopia\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> kopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>lista [1, 2, 3, 3, 5]\nkopia [10, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6]</p></sample-output><p>Så här ser det ut i visualiseringsverktyget:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/e431d/5_2_4b.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 43.04347826086957%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAABGElEQVQoz32RzW7DIBCE/f4v1kY99NBTFFWtZMcQ29iADRjvD5WhcXJpPyEOLLM7mq3SHeZkZzdOFpDSEwDg7vgMAFCmOj45H1qpWjlqs4Tgmbm8bxlALBpEJCJmBoCHeJ6ttQZgI0RAfHLEef7GzDFuMW5ETMSImMWcKK5uWW5dd+s6KW/GmEPsQ5S9/q4FIjm3OG9Sgny4OnpP09Q0zfV6XZalGCu+rYsfF/F+blwkF5S1J61frH1lXh+2lVJ13Qgh+r4fxzEb2gkRL3V//pIR2IXZhxpgINr2yQB7EiUGpb3SPqxwpFV8MTPRvoIQtDFv6/pZStU4TcMweO9TSnsD+hXyE+kPqlJTSrVtK6UstxDiWOY/4h8FSwu1d8EohwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=='); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/a0b58/5_2_4b.webp 230w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/bc10c/5_2_4b.webp 460w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/966d8/5_2_4b.webp 920w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/445df/5_2_4b.webp 1380w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/78de1/5_2_4b.webp 1840w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/609ff/5_2_4b.webp 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/81c8e/5_2_4b.png 230w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/08a84/5_2_4b.png 460w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/c0255/5_2_4b.png 920w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/b1001/5_2_4b.png 1380w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/161ec/5_2_4b.png 1840w,\n/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/e431d/5_2_4b.png 1882w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/66b9f72bbac2f55cd8fac4539ba92dba/c0255/5_2_4b.png\" alt=\"5 2 4b\" title=\"5 2 4b\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">ny_lista</code> refererar till en annan lista än <code class=\"language-text\">min_lista</code>.</p><p>Ett enklare sätt att kopiera en lista är att använda hakparenteser <code class=\"language-text\">[]</code>, som vi använt tidigare för att extrahera innehåll från strängar och listor. Notationen <code class=\"language-text\">[:]</code> väljer alla element i en samling. Därmed skapar det en kopia av en lista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nkopia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nlista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\nkopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[10, 2, 3, 4]\n[1, 20, 3, 4]</p></sample-output><h2 id=\"en-lista-som-parameter-i-en-funktion\" style=\"position:relative;\">En lista som parameter i en funktion<a href=\"#en-lista-som-parameter-i-en-funktion\" aria-label=\"en lista som parameter i en funktion permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>När vi ger en lista som argument till en funktion, får funktionen tillgång till referensen till listan. Det här innebär att funktionen kan ändra på listan.</p><p>Till exempel lägger följande funktion till ett nytt element i den lista som getts som argument:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lagg_till_element</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nytt_element <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nytt_element<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\nlista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlagg_till_element<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n[1, 2, 3]\n[1, 2, 3, 10]\n</sample-output><p>Märk att funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">lagg_till_element</code> inte returnerar något, utan ändringen sker direkt i den lista som getts som argument. Visualiseringsverktyget presenterar situationen så här:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/764d0/5_2_4c.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 35.65217391304348%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAHCAIAAACHqfpvAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA+UlEQVQY01WO226DMBAF+f9/62P7UFVKq0BCMdgLOOs1e6sITdTO45FGZxp/oKZY6NwN5y6UUlXVzNzdzOZ5jjHmnG93aq1mJiLNYZrqVimm1Lbd5dqP47Qui6oespnpHXcXkWNh5ofMzERrXodhiDGWUojo+WxmtVZEVFUAEOFjbJ7ZiNh1bd9fc17dzf8AAG3bIqK7r+st54KIe7Y9ICKA+dJPMWVmOSKPZ2aBeaFaN1ZYPhDfVIu7NzhDShBjJCJ3Z/GNj95fzP3UTS+vX21YVK1QX8rJrO6ybBsziwgAjGOIcZqmMYSQUlJVkT3hOi7vn98hrf6fH4cdljeAKLvbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/a0b58/5_2_4c.webp 230w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/bc10c/5_2_4c.webp 460w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/966d8/5_2_4c.webp 920w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/445df/5_2_4c.webp 1380w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/78de1/5_2_4c.webp 1840w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/b4500/5_2_4c.webp 1898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/81c8e/5_2_4c.png 230w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/08a84/5_2_4c.png 460w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/c0255/5_2_4c.png 920w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/b1001/5_2_4c.png 1380w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/161ec/5_2_4c.png 1840w,\n/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/764d0/5_2_4c.png 1898w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/9be11dea0a28e2151e4f4f7101f82472/c0255/5_2_4c.png\" alt=\"5 2 4c\" title=\"5 2 4c\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Global frame syftar till huvudprogrammets variabler, och den blå lådan <code class=\"language-text\">lagg_till_element</code> på funktionens parametrar och variabler. Som visualiseringen visar, refererar funktionen till samma lista som huvudprogrammet, vilket betyder att ändringar som görs i listan inom funktionen också syns i huvudprogrammet.</p><p>Om man vill undvika detta kan man inne i funktionen först skapa en ny kopia av argumentlistan, göra ändringar i den och slutligen returnera den:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">lagg_till_element</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    nytt_element <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span>\n    kopia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    kopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nytt_element<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kopia\n\nsiffror <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\nsiffror2 <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> lagg_till_element<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>siffror<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ursprunglig lista:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> siffror<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ny lista:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> siffror2<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>Ursprunglig lista: [1, 2, 3]\nNy lista: [1, 2, 3, 10]</p></sample-output><p>Om du inte är helt säker på vad som händer i en kodsnutt, kan det löna sig att utnyttja visualiseringsverktyget.</p><h2 id=\"andra-pa-en-lista-som-getts-som-argument\" style=\"position:relative;\">Ändra på en lista som getts som argument<a href=\"#andra-pa-en-lista-som-getts-som-argument\" aria-label=\"andra pa en lista som getts som argument permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Vi försöker skapa en funktion som ökar på varje element i en lista med tio:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">oka_pa_alla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ny_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> element <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        ny_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>element <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ny_lista\n\ntal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"start:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\noka_pa_alla<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"efter funktionen:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>start: [1, 2, 3]\nefter funktionen: [1, 2, 3]</p></sample-output><p>Av någon orsak fungerar funktionen inte. Varför det?</p><p>Funktionen tar en referens till en lista som argument. Det här är lagrat i variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">min_lista</code>. Tilldelningen <code class=\"language-text\">min_lista = ny_lista</code> tilldelar ett nytt värde till den samma variabeln. Variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">min_lista</code> hänvisar nu till den nya listan som skapades i funktionen, vilket betyder att referensen till den ursprungliga listan inte längre är tillgänglig inom funktionen. Tilldelningen har dock inte någon påverkan utanför funktionen.</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 442px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/cd75af1816ee2f9b354a8fc7017fc05b/e03bf/5_2_6.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 157.82608695652175%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cd75af1816ee2f9b354a8fc7017fc05b/a0b58/5_2_6.webp 230w,\n/static/cd75af1816ee2f9b354a8fc7017fc05b/3fa5c/5_2_6.webp 442w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/cd75af1816ee2f9b354a8fc7017fc05b/81c8e/5_2_6.png 230w,\n/static/cd75af1816ee2f9b354a8fc7017fc05b/e03bf/5_2_6.png 442w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/cd75af1816ee2f9b354a8fc7017fc05b/e03bf/5_2_6.png\" alt=\"5 2 6\" title=\"5 2 6\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Dessutom innehåller variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">ny_lista</code> nu de nya värdena, men de är inte tillgängliga utanför funktionen. Variabeln försvinner alltså när funktionen körts och programmet fortsätter tillbaka till huvudfunktionen. Variabeln <code class=\"language-text\">tal</code> i huvudfunktionen hänvisar alltid till den ursprungliga listan.</p><p>Visualiseringsverktyget hjälper igen. När du går igenom stegen utförligt märker du att den ursprungliga listan inte påverkas av funktionen på något sätt alls:</p><span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">\n      <a class=\"gatsby-resp-image-link\" href=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/75d3b/5_2_4d.png\" style=\"display: block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n    <span class=\"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\" style=\"padding-bottom: 41.30434782608695%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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'); background-size: cover; display: block;\"></span>\n  <picture>\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/a0b58/5_2_4d.webp 230w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/bc10c/5_2_4d.webp 460w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/966d8/5_2_4d.webp 920w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/445df/5_2_4d.webp 1380w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/78de1/5_2_4d.webp 1840w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/ee81e/5_2_4d.webp 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/webp\">\n          <source srcset=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/81c8e/5_2_4d.png 230w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/08a84/5_2_4d.png 460w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/c0255/5_2_4d.png 920w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/b1001/5_2_4d.png 1380w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/161ec/5_2_4d.png 1840w,\n/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/75d3b/5_2_4d.png 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" type=\"image/png\">\n          <img class=\"gatsby-resp-image-image\" src=\"/static/19d3606e35d311c11edb9891cf40eeeb/c0255/5_2_4d.png\" alt=\"5 2 4d\" title=\"5 2 4d\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;\">\n        </picture>\n  </a>\n    </span><p>Ett enkelt sätt att korrigera problemet är att kopiera över alla element från den nya listan till den gamla:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">oka_pa_alla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ny_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> element <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        ny_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>element <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># vi kopierar de nya värdena till den gamla listan</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ny_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Eller lite enklare tack vare Python:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">20</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>I exemplet ovan ersätts en del av listan med värden från en annan lista.</p><p>Vi kan naturligtvis också göra detta för en hel lista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">98</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">97</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token operator\">>></span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> lista\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">100</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">99</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">98</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">97</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span></code></pre></div><p>Allt innehåll i den gamla listan ersätts. Inspirerat av det här har vi nu skapat en fungerande version av funktionen som ökar på elementens värden:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">oka_pa_alla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    ny_lista <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> element <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        ny_lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>append<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>element <span class=\"token operator\">+</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> ny_lista</code></pre></div><p>Egentligen finns det ingen orsak till att skapa en ny lista inom funktionen. Vi kan helt enkelt tilldela värdena direkt till den ursprungliga listan:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">oka_pa_alla</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">for</span> i <span class=\"token keyword\">in</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">range</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token builtin\">len</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n        lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>i<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span> <span class=\"token operator\">+=</span> <span class=\"token number\">10</span></code></pre></div><programming-exercise name='Elementen fördubblade' tmcname='osa05-06a_elementen_x2'><p>Skapa funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">elementen_fordubblade(tal: list)</code> som får som argument en lista med tal.</p><p>Funktionen ska returnera en ny lista där alla tal är multiplicerade med två. Funktionen får inte ändra på den ursprungliga listan.</p><p>Exempel:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">11</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    fordubblade <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> elementen_fordubblade<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"ursprunglig:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"fördubblade:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> fordubblade<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>ursprunglig: [2, 4, 5, 3, 11, -4]\nfördubblade: [4, 8, 10, 6, 22, -8]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Bort med minsta' tmcname='osa05-06b_minsta_bort'><p>Skapa funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">avlagsna_minsta(tal: list)</code> som tar en lista med tal som argument.</p><p>Funktionen ska ta bort det minsta talet ur listan. Du kan anta att det minsta talet endast förekommer en gång.</p><p>Funktionen ska inte returnera något, den ska endast ändra på listan som getts som argument!</p><p>Exempel:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">if</span> __name__ <span class=\"token operator\">==</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"__main__\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    tal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n    avlagsna_minsta<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>[2, 4, 6, 3, 5]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: Utskrift och att lägga till ett tal' tmcname='osa05-07_sudoku_utskrift_ny_siffra'><p>I den här uppgiften skapar vi ännu två funktioner för ett sudoku: <code class=\"language-text\">skriv_ut</code> och <code class=\"language-text\">lagg_till</code>.</p><p>Funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">skriv_ut</code> får som argument en matris och skriver den ut enligt exemplet nedan.</p><p>Funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">lagg_till(sudoku: list, radnummer: int, kolumnnummer: int, siffra: int)</code> tar emot som argument en matris, två siffror som indikerar positionen och ett tal (1-9) som ska lagras.</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku  <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nskriv_ut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlagg_till<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlagg_till<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nlagg_till<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Tre siffror tillagda:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nskriv_ut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\nTre siffror tillagda:\n\n2 _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ 7  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ 3 _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n</pre></sample-output><p>Tips: Du kan dra nytta av att <code class=\"language-text\">print</code>-funktionen kan användas så att radbyten inte görs:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"tecken \"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"utan mellanrum\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> end<span class=\"token operator\">=</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>tecken utan mellanrum</p></sample-output><p>En radbrytning kan åstadkommas så här:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Sudoku: Lägga till en siffra i en kopia av sudokut' tmcname='osa05-08_sudoku_ny_siffra_kopia'><p>I den här uppgiften skapar vi en lite annorlunda version av funktionen som lägger till nya tal i ett sudoku.</p><p>Funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">kopiera_och_lagg_till(sudoku: list, radnummer: int, kolumnnummer: int, siffra: int)</code> får som argument</p><ul>\n<li>en matris,</li>\n<li>två siffror som anger en position i sodukot, samt</li>\n<li>en siffra (1-9) som ska lagras.</li>\n</ul><p>Funktionen ska returnera en kopia av matrisen som gavs som argument, med den angivna siffran lagrad på korrekt ställe. Funktionen får inte ändra på matrisen som getts som argument.</p><p>Här utnyttjar vi funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">skriv_ut</code> från den föregående uppgiften:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">sudoku  <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span>\n    <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\nkopia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> kopiera_och_lagg_till<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Ursprunglig:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nskriv_ut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>sudoku<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token string\">\"Kopia:\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\nskriv_ut<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>kopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><pre>\nUrsprunglig:\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\nKopia:\n2 _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n_ _ _  _ _ _  _ _ _\n\n</pre></sample-output><p>Tips: I den här uppgiften måste man vara noga med vad allt som behöver kopieras och vart man slutligen lagrar värdet som getts till funktionen. <a href=\"https://pythontutor.com/visualize.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Visualiseringsverktyget</a> kan hjälpa. På grund av sudokuts storlek kan vyn dock vara aningen otydlig.</p></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Tre i rad' tmcname='osa05-09_tre_i_rad'><p>Tre i rad spelas med ett 3 x 3 -rutnät, där spelarna turvis markerar ett kryss eller en ring. Den spelare som först får tre markeringar i rad, vågrätt, lodrätt eller diagonalt, vinner. Om ingendera av spelarna får det, är spelet oavgjort.</p><p>Skapa funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">tur(brade: list, x: int, y: int, markering: str)</code> där den givna markeringen görs på stället som indikeras av koordinaterna (0-2).</p><p>Observera att <code class=\"language-text\">x</code> indikerar kolumn och <code class=\"language-text\">y</code> rad.</p><p>Spelbrädan består av följande strängar:</p><ul>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"\"</code>: tom ruta</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"X\"</code>: markering, spelare 1</li>\n<li><code class=\"language-text\">\"O\"</code>: markering, spelare 2</li>\n</ul><p>Funktionen returnerar <code class=\"language-text\">True</code> om markeringen lyckades (stället var tomt på brädan), och <code class=\"language-text\">False</code> om stället var reserverat eller koordinaterna inte låg i intervallet 0-2.</p><p>Exempel:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\">brade <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tur<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>brade<span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">0</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token string\">\"X\"</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>brade<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>True\n[['', '', 'X'], ['', '', ''], ['', '', '']]</p></sample-output></programming-exercise><programming-exercise name='Transponera' tmcname='osa05-10_transponera'><p>Skapa funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">transponera(matris: lista)</code> som får som argument en matris. Funktionen ska transponera matrisen, alltså byta plats på rader och kolumner.</p><p>Du kan anta att matrisen har lika många rader och kolumner.</p><p>Den här matrisen...</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">4</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">7</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>...skulle se ut så här efter transponeringen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token number\">1</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">2</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span> <span class=\"token number\">8</span>\n<span class=\"token number\">3</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span> <span class=\"token number\">9</span></code></pre></div><p>Funktionen ska inte returnera något. Den ska ändra på matrisen som den fått som argument.</p></programming-exercise><h2 id=\"funktioners-sidoeffekter\" style=\"position:relative;\">Funktioners sidoeffekter<a href=\"#funktioners-sidoeffekter\" aria-label=\"funktioners sidoeffekter permalink\" class=\"anchor after\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" width=\"16\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z\"></path></svg></a></h2><p>Som vi sett ovan, kan en funktion som tar emot en referens till en lista som argument ändra på listan. Om programmeraren inte har tagit i beaktande att listan kan komma att ändras inne i funktionen, kan detta förorsaka problem på andra håll i programmet.</p><p>Låt oss ta en titt på en funktion som borde hitta det nästminsta värdet i en lista:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nast_minst</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    <span class=\"token comment\"># i en sorterad lista finns det nästminsta elementet på index 1</span>\n    lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">.</span>sort<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nast_minst<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output>\n2\n[1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7]\n</sample-output><p>Funktionen hittar det nästminsta värdet, men sorterar dessutom listan. Om elementens ordning har betydelse på andra håll i programmet kommer det här funktionsanropet eventuellt att orsaka fel. Oplanerade modifikationer som görs hos objekt som ges som referens till en funktion kallas sidoeffekter.</p><p>Vi kan förhindra den här sidoeffekten genom att göra en liten ändring i funktionen:</p><div class=\"gatsby-highlight\" data-language=\"python\"><pre class=\"language-python\"><code class=\"language-python\"><span class=\"token keyword\">def</span> <span class=\"token function\">nast_minst</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">list</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span> <span class=\"token operator\">-</span><span class=\"token operator\">></span> <span class=\"token builtin\">int</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">:</span>\n    kopia <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token builtin\">sorted</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>lista<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n    <span class=\"token keyword\">return</span> kopia<span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n\ntal <span class=\"token operator\">=</span> <span class=\"token punctuation\">[</span><span class=\"token number\">1</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">2</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">5</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">3</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">6</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">4</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">,</span> <span class=\"token number\">7</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">]</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>nast_minst<span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span>\n<span class=\"token keyword\">print</span><span class=\"token punctuation\">(</span>tal<span class=\"token punctuation\">)</span></code></pre></div><sample-output><p>2\n[1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]</p></sample-output><p>Funktionen <code class=\"language-text\">sorted</code> returnerar en ny sorterad kopia av listan, så vi behöver inte mera \"sabotera\" den ursprungliga listan när vi söker efter det näst minsta värdet.</p><p>Det är en god vana att försöka undvika sidoeffekter i funktioner. Sidoeffekter kan göra det svårare att säkerställa att programmet fungerar som det ska i alla situationer.</p><p>Funktioner som saknar sidoeffekter kallas rena funktioner. Då man arbetar med funktionell programmering är rena funktioner speciellt viktiga. Vi kommer se närmare på det under fortsättningskursen i programmering.</p><div><quiz id=\"baa27c32-5bb0-5a50-9270-984635e7c8a7\"></quiz></div></div>","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/2-referenser","title":"Referenser"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-26-sv/ohjelmointi-26-sv/data/osa-5/2-referenser.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"3823106d-d5b4-54fc-ab67-c9717c628c00","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Info om kursen"}}},{"node":{"id":"dd7e5652-0011-5cc2-8a7c-c07fca8a56ba","frontmatter":{"path":"/bedomningar-och-prov","title":"Bedömning och prov"}}},{"node":{"id":"7ee945da-eb70-5822-b337-58f9871c566a","frontmatter":{"path":"/alla-uppgifter","title":"Alla uppgifter"}}},{"node":{"id":"6e80e276-0b56-526e-93d9-5ab8823c6611","frontmatter":{"path":"/frontmatter-guide","title":"Frontmatter-guide"}}},{"node":{"id":"7dadae75-1bf2-549f-bb24-5e00c8421489","frontmatter":{"path":"/stod","title":"Handledning och 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