{ "componentChunkName": "component---src-templates-course-content-template-js", "path": "/osa-7/1-moduler", "result": {"data":{"page":{"htmlAst":{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"text-box","properties":{"variant":"learningObjectives","name":"Lärandemål"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Efter den här delen"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vet du vad en Python-modul är"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vet du hur man inkluderar en modul i ett program med "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-satsen"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"vet du hur man hittar mera information om innehållet i en modul."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"lite-mera-om-debuggande","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lite mera om debuggande"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#lite-mera-om-debuggande","ariaLabel":"lite mera om debuggande permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vi har redan bekantat oss med flera olika debuggningsmetoder under kursen. 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Om du har problem med att debuggaren inte hittar dina filer, kan du bekanta dig med några tips från förra veckan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Från och med version 3.7 erbjuder Python också ett ytterligare sätt för att debugga program, nämligen instruktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#breakpoint","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"breakpoint()"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Du kan lägga till den här instruktionen på valfritt ställe i din kod (kom dock ihåg att följa syntaxreglerna). 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Med "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"continue"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (kort "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"c"}]},{"type":"text","value":") i terminalen får vi programmet att fortsätta fram till följande eventuella breakpoint. Den här bilden illustrerar en situation där en loop har upprepat några gånger:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-wrapper"],"style":"position: relative; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 1rem;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-link"],"href":"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c7bb6/7_1_2.png","style":"display: block","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-background-image"],"style":"padding-bottom: 44.78260869565218%; position: relative; bottom: 0; left: 0; background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAJCAIAAAC9o5sfAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA/ElEQVQoz42R22rDMAyG8xi7iGMpPqSuHZ8SzErrOlfd5WDQ93+VkXjLOhij34XQjyX9Qm5Yz0ajvbdqQwhBCOmeo0HEcTQ5X1JKgNB1HX2Cn2ajjyFGY91BKQDo/nImhLRtSzaqXJsB4IW2HVCOPWMMEevgfXwFEesrAFBKa2y0MXeV3qSfD5r1TAixmn+z12mt53k2xiilOOdCCERscs63S5l8GIN3zllr/cY0TSGEYRiklMMG5/xRCiGavJSP07IM9ojbWr+p54EHdrmufTqf7+X2/lpKSLPz1rnqHGP03u9WSqk9VqSUTbmWmGZ+GGiPgFANAb6S///5E+mjTgE+v0lMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC'); background-size: cover; display: block;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"picture","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/a0b58/7_1_2.webp 230w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/bc10c/7_1_2.webp 460w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/966d8/7_1_2.webp 920w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/445df/7_1_2.webp 1380w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/78de1/7_1_2.webp 1840w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/ca269/7_1_2.webp 1986w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/webp"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"source","properties":{"srcSet":["/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/81c8e/7_1_2.png 230w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/08a84/7_1_2.png 460w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c0255/7_1_2.png 920w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/b1001/7_1_2.png 1380w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/161ec/7_1_2.png 1840w","/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c7bb6/7_1_2.png 1986w"],"sizes":"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px","type":"image/png"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","properties":{"className":["gatsby-resp-image-image"],"src":"/static/0ec6d7f1917313cc4582ecd977846154/c0255/7_1_2.png","alt":"7 1 2","title":"7 1 2","loading":"lazy","decoding":"async","style":"width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vi kan också använda andra nyckelord i debuggningsterminalen. 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Efter den här delen

Lite mera om debuggande

Vi har redan bekantat oss med flera olika debuggningsmetoder under kursen. Till exempel borde visualiseringsverktyget och användningen av print-satser för debuggning vara bekanta. Du har kanske också testat det inbyggda debuggningsverktyget i Visual Studio Code. Om du har problem med att debuggaren inte hittar dina filer, kan du bekanta dig med några tips från förra veckan.

Från och med version 3.7 erbjuder Python också ett ytterligare sätt för att debugga program, nämligen instruktionen breakpoint().

Du kan lägga till den här instruktionen på valfritt ställe i din kod (kom dock ihåg att följa syntaxreglerna). När programmet körs, kommer programmet att stanna på det ställe där breakpoint-instruktionen finns. Här är ett exempel där vi debuggar en uppgiftslösning från förra veckan:

\n \n \n \n \n \n \"7\n \n \n

När programmet stannar vid en breakpoint-instruktion kommer ett interaktivt terminalfönster att öppnas. Här kan du skriva kod på samma sätt som i en normal Pythonterminal. Du ser hur koden fungerar exakt vid den här punkten i ditt program.

Instruktionen breakpoint är speciellt nyttig då du vet att någon kodrad orsakar ett fel, men du är osäker på varför. Lägg till en breakpoint just före den problematiska kodraden och kör ditt program. Då kan du göra ändringar och köra koden i den interaktiva terminalen för att lista ut vad som behöver ändras i programmet.

Det är också möjligt att fortsätta att köra programmet efter att det stannat. Med continue (kort c) i terminalen får vi programmet att fortsätta fram till följande eventuella breakpoint. Den här bilden illustrerar en situation där en loop har upprepat några gånger:

\n \n \n \n \n \n \"7\n \n \n

Vi kan också använda andra nyckelord i debuggningsterminalen. Du kan hitta dem här eller så kan du skriva help i terminalen:

\n \n

Skapa funktionen hypotenusa(katet1: float, katet2: float) som tar kateternas längder i en rätvinklig triangel som argument. Funktionen ska returnera hypotenusans längd.

Använd Pythagoras sats. Kvadratroten kan du beräkna med motsvarande funktion i math-modulen.

Exempel:

print(hypotenusa(3,4)) # 5.0\nprint(hypotenusa(5,12)) # 13.0\nprint(hypotenusa(1,1)) # 1.4142135623730951

Innehållet i en modul

Pythons dokumentation inkluderar mycket information om alla moduler som är tillgängliga i standardbiblioteket. Dokumentationen berättar om funktioner och metoder som är definierade i en modul, och därtill får man veta hur modulen kan användas. Som ett exempel hittar du här en länk till math-modulens dokumentation:

Vi kan också kolla på innehållet i en modul med funktionen dir:

import math\n\nprint(dir(math))

Den här funktionen returnerar en lista på namn som finns definierade i modulen. Det kan vara namn på klasser, konstanta värden eller funktioner:

['__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'ceil', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'hypot', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'ldexp', 'lgamma', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'modf', 'pi', 'pow', 'radians', 'sin', 'sinh', 'sqrt', 'tan', 'tanh', 'trunc']

I modulen string finns strängkonstanter som definierar specifika teckengrupper (t.ex. gemener och skiljetecken). Bekanta dig med dessa konstanter och skapa funktionen dela_upp(strang: str) som tar som argument en sträng som ska returneras uppdelad i tre delar:

    \n
  1. en sträng med alla gemener och versaler (enligt engelska alfabetet), konstanten ascii_letters
    2. \n
  2. en sträng med de tecken som definieras i konstanten punctuation
    3. \n
  3. en sträng med resterande tecken (t.ex. mellanslag och skandinaviska tecken)
    4. \n

Tecknen ska förekomma i samma ordning som i den ursprungliga strängen.

Exempel:

delar = dela_upp(\"Det här är ett test, fungerar det?? åå\")\nprint(delar[0])\nprint(delar[1])\nprint(delar[2])

Dethrretttestfungerardet\n,??\nä ä åå

Bekanta dig med Pythonmodulen fractions och implementera funktionen delar(antal: int) som får ett antal som argument. Funktionen ska dela upp talet ett i så många delar som argumentet antal anger, och sedan returnera delarna i en lista.

Exempel:

for p in delar(3):\n    print(p)\n\nprint()\n\nprint(delar(5))

1/3\n1/3\n1/3

[Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5), Fraction(1, 5)]

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