{ "componentChunkName": "component---src-templates-course-content-template-js", "path": "/osa-7/2-slumpmassighet", "result": {"data":{"page":{"htmlAst":{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"text-box","properties":{"variant":"learningObjectives","name":"Lärandemål"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Efter den här delen"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"känner du till några av funktionerna i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"random"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-modulen"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kan du använda dig av slumptal i dina program."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I den här delen ser vi på "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"modulen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"random"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":" som finns i Pythons standardbibliotek. Den här modulen innehåller funktioner som gör det möjligt att arbeta med slump i program, till exempel för att skapa slumptal, blanda ordningen på elementen i en datastruktur eller plocka ut slumpmässigt valda element."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Delarna i den här modulen innehåller flera länkar till "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"standardbibliotekets dokumentation"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Kolla gärna upp länkarna så att du kan bekanta dig med hur dokumentationen ser ut."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"skapa-slumptal","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa slumptal"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#skapa-slumptal","ariaLabel":"skapa slumptal permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html#random.randint","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"randint(a, b)"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":" returnerar ett slumptal mellan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"a"}]},{"type":"text","value":" och "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"b"}]},{"type":"text","value":" (inklusive start- och slutpunkten). Det här programmet fungerar till exempel som en normal tärning:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tärningen visar:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Så här kan utskriften se ut:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tärningen visar: 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Det här programmet kastar en tärning tio gånger:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"Tärningen visar:\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"6"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Utskriften skulle kunna se ut så här:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tärningen visar: 5\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 3\nTärningen visar: 2\nTärningen visar: 3\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 6\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 3"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Obs! Det är värt att notera att funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"randint"}]},{"type":"text","value":" fungerar lite olikt än till exempel extrahering (slicing) eller "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktionen. Funktionsanropet "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"randint(1, 6)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" resulterar i ett tal mellan 1 och 6, medan anropet "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range(1, 6)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" resulterar i ett intervall som innehåller värdena 1 till 5."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"fler-funktioner-relaterade-till-slumpmassighet","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fler funktioner relaterade till slumpmässighet"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#fler-funktioner-relaterade-till-slumpmassighet","ariaLabel":"fler funktioner relaterade till slumpmassighet permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html#random.shuffle","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"shuffle"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":" blandar elementen i den datastruktur som ges som argument. Till exempel blandar följande program ordningen i en lista med ord:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" shuffle\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"apa\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"banan\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"cembalo\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nshuffle"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"['banan', 'apa', 'cembalo']"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"choice"}]},{"type":"text","value":" returnerar ett slumpmässigt valt element ur en datastruktur:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" choice\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"apa\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"banan\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"cembalo\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"choice"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"'cembalo'"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"lottorad","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lottorad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#lottorad","ariaLabel":"lottorad permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ett vanligt sätt att undersöka slumpmässighet är att se på lottorader. Låt oss lotta ut en vinnande rad. I Finland består lottoraden av sju siffror mellan 1 och 40."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Så här skulle det kunna se ut om vi försöker lotta ut en rad:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"randint"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"40"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Det här skulle inte fungera i det långa loppet eftersom ett och samma nummer kan dyka upp flera gånger på samma lottorad. Vi måste se till att alla nummer som dras är unika."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ett sätt är att lagra de dragna siffrorna i en lista. Då lägger vi bara till ett draget nummer om det inte redan finns i listan. Vi använder oss av en loop som fortsätter tills listans längd är sju, dvs. vi har dragit sju unika lottonummer:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint\n\nrad "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"while"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"len"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"rad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"<"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n ny "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"40"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"if"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ny "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"not"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" rad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n rad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"append"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"ny"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"rad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vi kan också spara lite utrymme genom att använda "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"shuffle"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktionen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" shuffle\n\nalla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"list"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"41"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nshuffle"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"alla"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nrad "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" alla"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"["}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"0"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"]"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"rad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Hur fungerar det här? Idén är att vi skapar en lista med talen 1 till 40, på samma sätt som vi har 40 bollar i en lottomaskin. Efter att listan har blandats kan de första sju siffrorna utgöra veckans vinnande rad, på samma sätt som de första sju bollarna som plockas ur maskinen. Nu behövs alltså ingen loop, utan vi kan direkt plocka ut de sju första talen ur den blandade listan."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Modulen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"random"}]},{"type":"text","value":" innehåller faktiskt ett ännu enklare sätt att skapa vår lottorad: funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html#random.sample","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"sample"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":". Den returnerar ett givet antal slumpmässigt valda element ur en given datastruktur, i det här fallet sju tal ur en lista med talen 1-40:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" sample\n\nalla "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"list"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"41"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nrad "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" sample"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"alla"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"rad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lottorader","tmcname":"osa07-04_lottorader"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lottorad(siffror: int, nedre: int, ovre: int)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" som lottar ut det givna antalet siffror i intervallet "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"nedre-ovre"}]},{"type":"text","value":" och returnerar dessa i en sorterad lista (med start från det minsta talet)."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Samma siffra får inte förekomma flera gånger."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" siffra "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lottorad"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"7"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"40"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"siffra"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"4\n7\n11\n16\n22\n29\n38"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{"id":"varifran-kommer-slumptalen","style":"position:relative;"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Varifrån kommer slumptalen?"},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"#varifran-kommer-slumptalen","ariaLabel":"varifran kommer slumptalen permalink","className":["anchor","after"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"svg","properties":{"ariaHidden":"true","focusable":"false","height":"16","version":"1.1","viewBox":"0 0 16 16","width":"16"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"path","properties":{"fillRule":"evenodd","d":"M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"},"children":[]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Datorer skapar slumptal med hjälp av en matematisk formel. För att resultatet inte ska bli samma varje gång används ett så kallat frö (engelska: seed) som startvärde. Frövärdet tas ofta från systemtiden, dvs. vad datorns interna klocka visar när slumpgeneratorn körs."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionaliteten i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"random"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-modulen"}]},{"type":"text","value":" är baserad på denna typ av algoritm. Vi kan också själva ange startvärdet med "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html#random.seed","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"seed"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"-funktionen:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"from"}]},{"type":"text","value":" random "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"import"}]},{"type":"text","value":" randint"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" seed\n\nseed"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1337"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","comment"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"# följande instruktion genererar nu alltid samma tal"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"randint"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"100"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Då vi själva anger "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"seed"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-värdet kommer funktionen att ge samma resultat varje gång den körs. Resultatet kan skilja sig mellan olika Python-versioner, men i grunden kommer slumpmässigheten att försvinna då vi definierar seed-värdet. Funktionaliteten kan dock vara nyttig då vi exempelvis testar program."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"text-box","properties":{"variant":"info","name":"Sann slumpmässighet"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Egentligen är de siffor som "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"random"}]},{"type":"text","value":"-modulen ger inte slumpmässiga \"på riktigt\". Matematiskt uträknade slumptal kallas i stället pseudoslumptal. Datorers funktionalitet är förutsebar och i en ideal situation kan man exakt bestämma hur de fungerar. Därför är det mycket svårt att skapa äkta slumptal med en dator. I de flesta situationer räcker det dock bra med pseudoslumptal. När äkta slumptal behövs skapas seed-värdet på basis av någon yttre källa som radioaktiv bakgrundsstrålning, ljudnivå eller lavalampor."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"För ytterligare information om slumpmässighet, se "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://www.random.org/randomness/","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"random.org"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lösenordsgenerator, del 1","tmcname":"osa07-05_losenord_1"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa en funktion som genererar slumpmässiga lösenord, av vald längd, bestående av bokstäverna a-z."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"skapa_losenord"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lttehepy\nolsxttjl\ncbjncrzo\ndwxqjdgu\ngpfdcecs\njabyvgar\nxnbbonbl\nktmsjyww\nejhprmel\nrjkoacib"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Lösenordsgenerator, del 2","tmcname":"osa07-06_losenord_2"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Förbättra förra uppgiftens funktion. Nu tar den emot två ytterligare argument:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ol","properties":{"start":2},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"om värdet på det andra argumentet är "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ska lösenordet innehålla minst en siffra"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"om värdet på det tredje argumentet är "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"text","value":" ska lösenordet innehålla minst ett av tecknen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"!?=+-()#"}]}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Lösenordet ska alltid innehålla minst en bokstav. Du kan anta att funktionen anropas med argument som gör det möjligt att skapa det önskade lösenordet."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"10"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"skapa_bra_losenord"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"8"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","boolean"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","boolean"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"True"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"2?0n+u31\nu=m4nl94\nn#=i6r#(\nda9?zvm?\n7h)!)g?!\na=59x2n5\n(jr6n3b5\n9n(4i+2!\n32+qba#=\nn?b0a7ey"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Tärningssimulation","tmcname":"osa07-07_tarningar"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vi skapar nu några funktioner som vi kan använda i spel som kräver en tärning."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Istället för en normal tärning använder vi icke-transitiva tärningar. Se den här "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://singingbanana.com/dice/article.htm","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"artikeln"}]},{"type":"text","value":" och "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://youtu.be/LrIp6CKUlH8","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"videon"}]},{"type":"text","value":" vid behov."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Vi har tre tärningar:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tärning A med siffrorna 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tärning B med siffrorna 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"tärning C med siffrorna 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"kasta(tarning: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" som kastar den valda tärningen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"20"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kasta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"A\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\" \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" end"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"20"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kasta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\" \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" end"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" i "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"range"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"20"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"kasta"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"C\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\" \""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" end"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 6 3\n2 2 5 2 2 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 5 5 2 5 2 2 2 2\n4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4"}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa ännu funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"spela(tarning1: str, tarning2: str, ganger: int)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" som kastar de valda tärningarna det angivna antalet gånger. Funktionen ska returnera en tupel som berättar antalet vinster med tärning ett respektive två samt antalet oavgjorda rundor."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"resultat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" spela"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"A\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"C\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"resultat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\nresultat "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" spela"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"B\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"1000"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"text","value":"resultat"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"(292, 708, 0)\n(249, 273, 478)"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"programming-exercise","properties":{"name":"Slumpmässiga ord","tmcname":"osa07-08_slumpmassiga_ord"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I den här uppgiften har du filen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord.txt"}]},{"type":"text","value":" till ditt förfogande. Filen innehåller engelska ord, ett ord på varsin rad."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord(n: int, borjar: str)"}]},{"type":"text","value":" som returnerar "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"n"}]},{"type":"text","value":" slumpmässigt valda ord som börjar med den valda strängen. Orden ska returneras i en lista."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Om funktionen anropas med argumenten "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord(3, \"ca\")"}]},{"type":"text","value":" kan t.ex. orden cat, car och carbon returneras i listan. Samma ord får inte förekomma flera gånger."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Om tillräckligt många ord inte hittas ska undantaget "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ValueError"}]},{"type":"text","value":" åstadkommas."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Exempel:"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{"className":["gatsby-highlight"],"dataLanguage":"python"},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"pre","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-python"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"lista "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","operator"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"="}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","number"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"3"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":","}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","string"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\"ca\""}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"for"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"text","value":" "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"in"}]},{"type":"text","value":" lista"},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":":"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n "},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","keyword"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"print"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"("}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","builtin"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"ord"}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"span","properties":{"className":["token","punctuation"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":")"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"sample-output","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"cat\ncar\ncarbon"}]}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"id":"f44264e4-a3a6-5056-9c98-1ec723f86f9a"},"children":[]}]}]},"html":"

Efter den här delen

I den här delen ser vi på modulen random som finns i Pythons standardbibliotek. Den här modulen innehåller funktioner som gör det möjligt att arbeta med slump i program, till exempel för att skapa slumptal, blanda ordningen på elementen i en datastruktur eller plocka ut slumpmässigt valda element.

Delarna i den här modulen innehåller flera länkar till standardbibliotekets dokumentation. Kolla gärna upp länkarna så att du kan bekanta dig med hur dokumentationen ser ut.

Skapa slumptal

Funktionen randint(a, b) returnerar ett slumptal mellan a och b (inklusive start- och slutpunkten). Det här programmet fungerar till exempel som en normal tärning:

from random import randint\n\nprint(\"Tärningen visar:\", randint(1, 6))

Så här kan utskriften se ut:

Tärningen visar: 4

Det här programmet kastar en tärning tio gånger:

from random import randint\n\nfor i in range(10):\n    print(\"Tärningen visar:\", randint(1, 6))

Utskriften skulle kunna se ut så här:

Tärningen visar: 5\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 3\nTärningen visar: 2\nTärningen visar: 3\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 6\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 4\nTärningen visar: 3

Obs! Det är värt att notera att funktionen randint fungerar lite olikt än till exempel extrahering (slicing) eller range-funktionen. Funktionsanropet randint(1, 6) resulterar i ett tal mellan 1 och 6, medan anropet range(1, 6) resulterar i ett intervall som innehåller värdena 1 till 5.

Fler funktioner relaterade till slumpmässighet

Funktionen shuffle blandar elementen i den datastruktur som ges som argument. Till exempel blandar följande program ordningen i en lista med ord:

from random import shuffle\n\nord = [\"apa\", \"banan\", \"cembalo\"]\nshuffle(ord)\nprint(ord)

['banan', 'apa', 'cembalo']

Funktionen choice returnerar ett slumpmässigt valt element ur en datastruktur:

from random import choice\n\nord = [\"apa\", \"banan\", \"cembalo\"]\nprint(choice(ord))

'cembalo'

Lottorad

Ett vanligt sätt att undersöka slumpmässighet är att se på lottorader. Låt oss lotta ut en vinnande rad. I Finland består lottoraden av sju siffror mellan 1 och 40.

Så här skulle det kunna se ut om vi försöker lotta ut en rad:

from random import randint\n\nfor i in range(7):\n    print(randint(1, 40))

Det här skulle inte fungera i det långa loppet eftersom ett och samma nummer kan dyka upp flera gånger på samma lottorad. Vi måste se till att alla nummer som dras är unika.

Ett sätt är att lagra de dragna siffrorna i en lista. Då lägger vi bara till ett draget nummer om det inte redan finns i listan. Vi använder oss av en loop som fortsätter tills listans längd är sju, dvs. vi har dragit sju unika lottonummer:

from random import randint\n\nrad = []\nwhile len(rad) < 7:\n    ny = randint(1, 40)\n    if ny not in rad:\n        rad.append(ny)\n\nprint(rad)

Vi kan också spara lite utrymme genom att använda shuffle-funktionen:

from random import shuffle\n\nalla = list(range(1, 41))\nshuffle(alla)\nrad = alla[0:7]\nprint(rad)

Hur fungerar det här? Idén är att vi skapar en lista med talen 1 till 40, på samma sätt som vi har 40 bollar i en lottomaskin. Efter att listan har blandats kan de första sju siffrorna utgöra veckans vinnande rad, på samma sätt som de första sju bollarna som plockas ur maskinen. Nu behövs alltså ingen loop, utan vi kan direkt plocka ut de sju första talen ur den blandade listan.

Modulen random innehåller faktiskt ett ännu enklare sätt att skapa vår lottorad: funktionen sample. Den returnerar ett givet antal slumpmässigt valda element ur en given datastruktur, i det här fallet sju tal ur en lista med talen 1-40:

from random import sample\n\nalla = list(range(1, 41))\nrad = sample(alla, 7)\nprint(rad)

Skapa funktionen lottorad(siffror: int, nedre: int, ovre: int) som lottar ut det givna antalet siffror i intervallet nedre-ovre och returnerar dessa i en sorterad lista (med start från det minsta talet).

Samma siffra får inte förekomma flera gånger.

Exempel:

for siffra in lottorad(7, 1, 40):\n    print(siffra)

4\n7\n11\n16\n22\n29\n38

Varifrån kommer slumptalen?

Datorer skapar slumptal med hjälp av en matematisk formel. För att resultatet inte ska bli samma varje gång används ett så kallat frö (engelska: seed) som startvärde. Frövärdet tas ofta från systemtiden, dvs. vad datorns interna klocka visar när slumpgeneratorn körs.

Funktionaliteten i random-modulen är baserad på denna typ av algoritm. Vi kan också själva ange startvärdet med seed-funktionen:

from random import randint, seed\n\nseed(1337)\n# följande instruktion genererar nu alltid samma tal\nprint(randint(1, 100))

Då vi själva anger seed-värdet kommer funktionen att ge samma resultat varje gång den körs. Resultatet kan skilja sig mellan olika Python-versioner, men i grunden kommer slumpmässigheten att försvinna då vi definierar seed-värdet. Funktionaliteten kan dock vara nyttig då vi exempelvis testar program.

Egentligen är de siffor som random-modulen ger inte slumpmässiga \"på riktigt\". Matematiskt uträknade slumptal kallas i stället pseudoslumptal. Datorers funktionalitet är förutsebar och i en ideal situation kan man exakt bestämma hur de fungerar. Därför är det mycket svårt att skapa äkta slumptal med en dator. I de flesta situationer räcker det dock bra med pseudoslumptal. När äkta slumptal behövs skapas seed-värdet på basis av någon yttre källa som radioaktiv bakgrundsstrålning, ljudnivå eller lavalampor.

För ytterligare information om slumpmässighet, se random.org.

Skapa en funktion som genererar slumpmässiga lösenord, av vald längd, bestående av bokstäverna a-z.

Exempel:

for i in range(10):\n    print(skapa_losenord(8))

lttehepy\nolsxttjl\ncbjncrzo\ndwxqjdgu\ngpfdcecs\njabyvgar\nxnbbonbl\nktmsjyww\nejhprmel\nrjkoacib

Förbättra förra uppgiftens funktion. Nu tar den emot två ytterligare argument:

    \n
  1. om värdet på det andra argumentet är True ska lösenordet innehålla minst en siffra
    2. \n
  2. om värdet på det tredje argumentet är True ska lösenordet innehålla minst ett av tecknen !?=+-()#
    3. \n

Lösenordet ska alltid innehålla minst en bokstav. Du kan anta att funktionen anropas med argument som gör det möjligt att skapa det önskade lösenordet.

Exempel:

for i in range(10):\n    print(skapa_bra_losenord(8, True, True))

2?0n+u31\nu=m4nl94\nn#=i6r#(\nda9?zvm?\n7h)!)g?!\na=59x2n5\n(jr6n3b5\n9n(4i+2!\n32+qba#=\nn?b0a7ey

Vi skapar nu några funktioner som vi kan använda i spel som kräver en tärning.

Istället för en normal tärning använder vi icke-transitiva tärningar. Se den här artikeln och videon vid behov.

Vi har tre tärningar:

Skapa funktionen kasta(tarning: str) som kastar den valda tärningen.

Exempel:

for i in range(20):\n    print(kasta(\"A\"), \" \", end=\"\")\nprint()\nfor i in range(20):\n    print(kasta(\"B\"), \" \", end=\"\")\nprint()\nfor i in range(20):\n    print(kasta(\"C\"), \" \", end=\"\")

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 6 3\n2 2 5 2 2 5 5 2 2 5 2 5 5 5 2 5 2 2 2 2\n4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Skapa ännu funktionen spela(tarning1: str, tarning2: str, ganger: int) som kastar de valda tärningarna det angivna antalet gånger. Funktionen ska returnera en tupel som berättar antalet vinster med tärning ett respektive två samt antalet oavgjorda rundor.

resultat = spela(\"A\", \"C\", 1000)\nprint(resultat)\nresultat = spela(\"B\", \"B\", 1000)\nprint(resultat)

(292, 708, 0)\n(249, 273, 478)

I den här uppgiften har du filen ord.txt till ditt förfogande. Filen innehåller engelska ord, ett ord på varsin rad.

Skapa funktionen ord(n: int, borjar: str) som returnerar n slumpmässigt valda ord som börjar med den valda strängen. Orden ska returneras i en lista.

Om funktionen anropas med argumenten ord(3, \"ca\") kan t.ex. orden cat, car och carbon returneras i listan. Samma ord får inte förekomma flera gånger.

Om tillräckligt många ord inte hittas ska undantaget ValueError åstadkommas.

Exempel:

lista = ord(3, \"ca\")\nfor ord in lista:\n    print(ord)

cat\ncar\ncarbon

","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/2-slumpmassighet","title":"Slump"},"fileAbsolutePath":"/home/runner/work/ohjelmointi-26-sv/ohjelmointi-26-sv/data/osa-7/2-slumpmassighet.md"},"allPages":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"3823106d-d5b4-54fc-ab67-c9717c628c00","frontmatter":{"path":"/","title":"Info om kursen"}}},{"node":{"id":"dd7e5652-0011-5cc2-8a7c-c07fca8a56ba","frontmatter":{"path":"/bedomningar-och-prov","title":"Bedömning och prov"}}},{"node":{"id":"7ee945da-eb70-5822-b337-58f9871c566a","frontmatter":{"path":"/alla-uppgifter","title":"Alla uppgifter"}}},{"node":{"id":"6e80e276-0b56-526e-93d9-5ab8823c6611","frontmatter":{"path":"/frontmatter-guide","title":"Frontmatter-guide"}}},{"node":{"id":"7dadae75-1bf2-549f-bb24-5e00c8421489","frontmatter":{"path":"/stod","title":"Handledning och stöd"}}},{"node":{"id":"b1f9be34-f77d-51c9-83c2-d2d3b1f88e7c","frontmatter":{"path":"/onlinetent","title":"Nättentamen 4.6."}}},{"node":{"id":"4e153253-62e1-5e29-b920-4512181e99a0","frontmatter":{"path":"/onlinetent-ohja","title":"ProgFK onlinetent 28.2.2026"}}},{"node":{"id":"5ba54609-9e23-5f8a-bbb1-3501116bd674","frontmatter":{"path":"/onlinetent-ohpe","title":"ProgGK onlinetent 17.1.2026"}}},{"node":{"id":"15a016f4-0a3d-5ec9-8236-533e57968b89","frontmatter":{"path":"/felanmalningar","title":"Vanliga felmeddelanden"}}},{"node":{"id":"416d07bf-b149-5ede-9d73-ea96ebbe00a2","frontmatter":{"path":"/sanasto","title":"Sanasto"}}},{"node":{"id":"70c6dbee-fa15-5924-a037-5b093295a075","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/1-introduktion","title":"Introduktion"}}},{"node":{"id":"677341cb-d819-5a66-a348-fe483d9d22dd","frontmatter":{"path":"/ofta-stallda-fragar","title":"Ofta ställda frågor"}}},{"node":{"id":"10acce17-6b8d-5a7a-96ef-df73c32033da","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/5-villkorssatser","title":"If-satser"}}},{"node":{"id":"adf0c95e-e532-52ac-acb7-41ecca35f001","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1","title":"Modul 1"}}},{"node":{"id":"337cbcae-fea0-535f-a4b7-07d0558220d7","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/4-rakneoperationer","title":"Räkneoperationer"}}},{"node":{"id":"94008673-2d10-5ad1-af95-83b5478b3113","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/1-klasshierarkier","title":"Klasshierarkier"}}},{"node":{"id":"3d48575e-5585-5b61-81ed-fe7585ea7593","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/2-atkamstmodifierare","title":"Åtkomstmodifierare"}}},{"node":{"id":"fd6c2729-204f-5955-84d7-1ee8ed9b243b","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/3-objektorienterade-programmeringstekniker","title":"Objektorienterade programmeringstekniker"}}},{"node":{"id":"648ed3ec-8a44-533a-9b88-7ef8fb7a1314","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10/4-storre-applikation","title":"Att utveckla en större applikation"}}},{"node":{"id":"abc32f5b-5700-5a16-b351-3bb0fd9e9b3f","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-10","title":"Modul 10"}}},{"node":{"id":"b6612d3d-6ef9-5537-b0cf-62a01d4de20e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/3-mer-om-variabler","title":"Mer om variabler"}}},{"node":{"id":"b4146f07-9889-567c-bb26-315ca8375738","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/1-list-comprehension","title":"Listbyggare"}}},{"node":{"id":"959073ca-1000-5d61-98e3-6a7151d95d71","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-1/2-info-fran-anvandaren","title":"Information från användaren"}}},{"node":{"id":"a8daa43b-12ea-5482-9768-648407360e5d","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/3-rekursion","title":"Rekursion"}}},{"node":{"id":"4dfa0d82-937f-597e-a323-1ffa57da8548","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/2-mer-om-comprehensions","title":"Mer om listbyggare"}}},{"node":{"id":"848a81c4-fc8c-55cf-99ad-333703ef6d09","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11/4-lisaa-esimerkkeja","title":"Fler exempel på rekursion"}}},{"node":{"id":"bd0cfdba-8571-59be-bcfc-b681838806c6","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-11","title":"Modul 11"}}},{"node":{"id":"d2e288a6-dc52-5b69-b9c9-7c967e3ecd14","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/3-funktionell-programmering","title":"Funktionell programmering"}}},{"node":{"id":"e4a0179a-cac6-5b2f-b1d0-e0db6f5b4339","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/4-reguljara-uttryck","title":"Reguljära uttryck"}}},{"node":{"id":"655d9900-5214-5ba4-88d7-a81fd819b0a0","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12","title":"Modul 12"}}},{"node":{"id":"10a6b4aa-f106-50e6-9d72-39e500891fd8","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/2-generatorer","title":"Generatorer"}}},{"node":{"id":"af6df246-f5d2-583d-9f07-5aa9736ff64f","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/1-pygame","title":"Pygame"}}},{"node":{"id":"d7395cb0-da7f-5acf-bf09-fd1035b36e81","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/2-animation","title":"Animation"}}},{"node":{"id":"fef7b1d3-58ba-5d58-8637-0e14a8f584a6","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-12/1-funktioner-som-argument","title":"Funktioner som argument"}}},{"node":{"id":"bd405169-a47c-5eba-986b-4506b39036ac","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/4-fler-pygame-tekniker","title":"Fler pygame-tekniker"}}},{"node":{"id":"a9357b87-636c-5d96-b46b-bbb6a421f6d0","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13/3-handelser","title":"Händelser"}}},{"node":{"id":"78b8d6cc-7e14-5090-b43c-1513e8069e0c","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-13","title":"Modul 13"}}},{"node":{"id":"5f9e405b-ae8f-5181-b1ae-ff2f4e6ad6da","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/1-spelprojekt","title":"Spelprojekt"}}},{"node":{"id":"6e0e1b55-3ed4-56a8-9580-cd451bb7edde","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/2-robot-och-ladar","title":"Robot och lådor"}}},{"node":{"id":"7f22ddd1-54e5-548f-b8d1-07863a79e2df","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14","title":"Modul 14"}}},{"node":{"id":"fea4657b-129f-5bb5-8645-17f84341e4b6","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/1-terminologi","title":"Programmeringsterminologi"}}},{"node":{"id":"8c86392d-05ca-5e03-bf19-9e18db4c3578","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/2-else-elif","title":"Mera om if-satser"}}},{"node":{"id":"4272a508-fa3f-5c99-b0d0-ca0a77dcbd88","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/3-kombinera-villkor","title":"Kombinera villkor"}}},{"node":{"id":"2a9f88b8-4fe8-5fcb-9dfe-b4d98dde5d42","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/3-fardigstallande-av-spelet","title":"Färdigställande av spelet"}}},{"node":{"id":"a620e53b-7d15-54ea-9a40-5d549bf3fddc","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-14/4-ditt-eget-sepl","title":"Ditt eget spel"}}},{"node":{"id":"6a0f5405-e6cb-581d-92e3-c8af9ad4e7c2","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/1-loopar-med-villkor","title":"Loopar med villkor"}}},{"node":{"id":"a131e4e2-8f05-5986-ab20-e06d9ed60dbe","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/2-behandla-strangar","title":"Behandla strängar"}}},{"node":{"id":"29bc027e-c4f5-5d80-9e6a-bca75ee73682","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/3-mer-om-loopar","title":"Mera om loopar"}}},{"node":{"id":"ed81d1ed-bbbb-573c-a017-e49e4ccd3d56","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3/4-definiera-funktioner","title":"Definiera funktioner"}}},{"node":{"id":"f9cdcf8a-269d-5ddb-9346-9ca23e48ef7e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-3","title":"Modul 3"}}},{"node":{"id":"8c15b7c7-809b-5ea5-a801-7d20819960ea","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/1-vscode","title":"Editorn Visual Studio Code, Pythontolken och det inbyggda debuggningsverktyget"}}},{"node":{"id":"0f597439-5fd6-5ebf-a758-51fa680510d6","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/2-mer-om-funktioner","title":"Mer om funktioner"}}},{"node":{"id":"d61169f7-0d24-5b3c-8b8c-6f3001453119","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/3-listor","title":"Listor"}}},{"node":{"id":"0cc0967d-12d5-5877-966c-83262ee2d053","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/4-iteration","title":"Iteration"}}},{"node":{"id":"b7f5aab0-16f5-57ea-be99-ef776e766449","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/5-utskrift","title":"Formatera utskrift"}}},{"node":{"id":"7ce1ae54-08a7-55c5-8fdf-e66c163be7c5","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4","title":"Modul 4"}}},{"node":{"id":"7616bfc3-86a8-51ad-a63d-f62e70d684f7","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/1-mer-om-listor","title":"Mer om listor"}}},{"node":{"id":"2754089d-7b6b-5a07-98f8-ed47c35f0f1e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/2-referenser","title":"Referenser"}}},{"node":{"id":"e44de044-469b-5a0c-b484-8b1c6d76b36e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/4-tuple","title":"Tuple"}}},{"node":{"id":"1777675c-c2e5-5912-9351-6bf786995e74","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-4/6-strangar-listor","title":"Mera strängar och listor"}}},{"node":{"id":"f5608366-0cdb-5799-ad10-c1ae5bf31ff5","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2/4-loopar","title":"Enkla loopar"}}},{"node":{"id":"335a567d-d08f-56d6-8449-9d4bfb7dbbf5","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-2","title":"Modul 2"}}},{"node":{"id":"05201f8b-92c3-5f20-aa64-572c040a44ef","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/2-skriva-filer","title":"Skriva filer"}}},{"node":{"id":"bc19aa61-1a37-5b73-bd20-0c3994c3a7cf","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/3-fel","title":"Förbered dig på fel"}}},{"node":{"id":"9c4ca0dd-1be2-5b8f-a357-61049541022a","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/1-lasa-filer","title":"Läsa filer"}}},{"node":{"id":"05a28a78-3f81-5cb4-8f94-9a16288789c8","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6/4-lokala-globala-variabler","title":"Lokala och globala variabler"}}},{"node":{"id":"2f89b471-3e51-5519-9173-c8029a4a5bf7","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-6","title":"Modul 6"}}},{"node":{"id":"cda20318-6650-5b01-96a7-c8a9436ea427","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/1-moduler","title":"Moduler"}}},{"node":{"id":"c0858900-47db-5c88-8875-147a8e652fe4","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5/3-lexikon","title":"Lexikon"}}},{"node":{"id":"11da0cd6-66de-5139-aeea-f6536ce49cca","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/2-slumpmassighet","title":"Slump"}}},{"node":{"id":"2190a210-ac82-5c3e-8671-037f9247c83f","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/3-tid-datum","title":"Tid och datum"}}},{"node":{"id":"9970fc94-eb27-5148-b31b-e887b737b7b4","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/4-behandla-data","title":"Behandla data"}}},{"node":{"id":"9de0b38c-9ab2-5dca-918f-53f58d473b4e","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/5-egna-moduler","title":"Skapa dina egna moduler"}}},{"node":{"id":"6c06e867-814c-5c2c-b0d6-d6cfaaf92234","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-5","title":"Modul 5"}}},{"node":{"id":"f7d5f344-d3b4-56c6-bf18-45edc2245759","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/4-metoder-i-egna-klasser","title":"Metoder i egna klasser"}}},{"node":{"id":"303465de-b86a-519b-b1b5-9711b03072d9","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/5-fler-exempel","title":"Fler exempel"}}},{"node":{"id":"a85852ab-8cf8-52b4-8872-4c73d5821319","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/1-objekt-och-referenser","title":"Objekt och referenser"}}},{"node":{"id":"b6cd6b79-fcb4-535d-8d00-b4f849f4647f","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/3-inkapsling","title":"Inkapsling"}}},{"node":{"id":"c6757168-dbea-5c4f-aa4e-c2c3bb0ca423","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/4-metodernas-rackvidd","title":"Metodernas räckvidd"}}},{"node":{"id":"601766bc-2985-5820-a4a3-32bbb761c69b","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7/6-funktionaliteter-python","title":"Flera funktionaliteter i Python"}}},{"node":{"id":"08ceb5d1-6e8e-599a-995d-a1125f7a1f80","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/5-klassattribut","title":"Klassattribut"}}},{"node":{"id":"b1f13f0c-169e-519f-9f42-f572bebd8535","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9","title":"Modul 9"}}},{"node":{"id":"4b4101dc-9e1f-5a4a-bb4e-dbb6a4ba5e0d","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/3-egna-klasser","title":"Egna klasser"}}},{"node":{"id":"35f36261-94d8-509f-9fcb-59b3e08fc6a1","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/2-klasser-och-objekt","title":"Klasser och objekt"}}},{"node":{"id":"53079b0b-f0d2-5c35-83a0-4f713e57ce72","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8/1-objekt-och-metoder","title":"Objekt och metoder"}}},{"node":{"id":"954e5006-2925-5035-a27c-10e05897cfa4","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/6-fler-exempel-med-klasser","title":"Fler exempel med klasser"}}},{"node":{"id":"f1eeb001-f445-57c9-b2e7-380dabc25b86","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-8","title":"Modul 8"}}},{"node":{"id":"ccc63fff-7834-5270-b69c-944db644a9ad","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-7","title":"Modul 7"}}},{"node":{"id":"75ae0566-a8bf-5305-aee3-4c5bc0d2d5e9","frontmatter":{"path":"/osa-9/2-objekt-som-attribut","title":"Objekt som attribut "}}}]}},"pageContext":{}}, "staticQueryHashes": ["1357757885","994120085"]}