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Efter den här delen

Objektet datetime

Pythons datetime-modul innehåller funktionen now, som returnerar ett datetime-objekt med det nuvarande datumet och tidpunkten. Så här ser det normalt ut när man skriver ut ett datetime-objekt:

from datetime import datetime\n\ntid = datetime.now()\nprint(tid)

2020-10-13 12:46:49.311393

Du kan också definiera objektet själv:

from datetime import datetime\n\ntid = datetime(1952, 12, 24)\nprint(tid)

1952-12-24 00:00:00

Tidpunkten är vid midnatt om vi inte själv definierar den.

Olika element i datetime-objektet kan kommas åt på följande sätt:

from datetime import datetime\n\ntid = datetime(1952, 12, 24)\nprint(\"Dag:\", tid.day)\nprint(\"Månad:\", tid.month)\nprint(\"År:\", tid.year)

Dag: 24\nMånad: 12\nÅr: 1952

Tidpunkten under dagen kan också specificeras. Precisionen kan variera:

from datetime import datetime\n\ntid1 = datetime(2020, 6, 30, 13, 00) # 30/6 2020 kl 13:00\ntid2 = datetime(2020, 6, 30, 18, 45) # 30/6 2020 kl 18:45

Jämföra tider och räkna skillnaden mellan dem

De bekanta jämförelseoperatorerna fungerar också för datetime-objekt:

from datetime import datetime\n\nnu = datetime.now()\nmidsommar = datetime(2020, 6, 20)\n\nif nu < midsommar:\n    print(\"Inte än midsommar\")\nelif nu == midsommar:\n    print(\"Trevlig midsommar!\")\nelif nu > midsommar:\n    print(\"Midsommaren kom och gick\")

Midsommaren kom och gick

Skillnaden mellan två datetime-objekt kan enkelt räknas med subtraktionsoperatorn:

from datetime import datetime\n\nnu = datetime.now()\nmidsommar = datetime(2020, 6, 20)\n\nskillnad = midsommar - nu\nprint(\"Det är ännu\", skillnad.days, \"dagar till midsommar\")

Det är ännu 37 dagar till midsommar

Obs! Resultatet för en subtraktion med datetime-objekt är ett timedelta-objekt. Det är inte lika flexibelt som datetime-objektet. Du kan till exempel komma åt antalet dagar i ett timedelta-objekt, men inte antalet år, eftersom längden på ett år varierar. Ett timedelta-objekt innehåller attributen days, seconds och microseconds. Andra storheter kan ges som argument och de konverteras automatiskt till korrekt format.

Addition med datetime- och timedelta-objekt är också möjligt. Resultatet är ett datetime-objekt där det specificerade antalet dagar (eller veckor, sekunder o.s.v.) är adderade:

from datetime import datetime, timedelta\nmidsommar = datetime(2020, 6, 20)\n\nvecka = timedelta(days=7)\nvecka_senare = midsommar + vecka\n\nprint(\"En vecka efter midsommar är\", vecka_senare)\n\nlang_tid = timedelta(weeks=32, days=15)\n\nprint(\"32 veckor och 15 dagar efter midsommar är\", midsommar + lang_tid)

En vecka efter midsommar är 2020-06-27 00:00:00\n32 veckor och 15 dagar efter midsommar är 2021-02-14 00:00:00

Vi kollar ännu hur det ser ut med högre precision:

nu = datetime.now()\nmidnatt = datetime(2020, 6, 30)\nskillnad = midnatt-nu\nprint(f\"Det är ännu {skillnad.seconds} sekunder till midnatt\")

Det är ännu 8188 sekunder till midnatt

Skapa ett program som frågar om användarens födelsetid och skriver därefter ut hur gammal hon var 31/12 1999.

Exempel:

Dag: 10\nMånad: 9\nÅr: 1979\nDu var 7417 dagar gammal vid millennieskiftet.

Dag: 28\nMånad: 3\nÅr: 2005\nDu var inte född vid millennieskiftet.

Du kan anta att användaren ger ett korrekt datum (inte t.ex. 31/2 1999).

Skapa funktionen valid(personbeteckning: str) som returnerar True eller False beroende på om den givna personbeteckningen är korrekt. Formatet på beteckningen är ddmmååxyyyz där ddmmåå indikerar födelsetid, x är ett skiljetecken, yyy födelsenummer och z ett kontrolltecken.

Programmet ska kontrollera att

Kontrolltecknet får man genom att dividera den siffra som består av födelsetiden och -numret med 31. Resten av denna operationen indikerar från vilket index i strängen 0123456789ABCDEFHJKLMNPRSTUVWXY kontrolltecknet tas ifrån. Om resten är t.ex. 12, är kontrolltecknet vid index 12, dvs. C.

Se mer på webbplatsen för Myndigheten för digitalisering och befolkningsdata.

Obs! Se till att du inte delar din egen personbeteckning av misstag, t.ex. om du frågar om hjälp när du löser den här uppgiften.

För att underlätta testandet listas några valida personbeteckningar nedan:

Formatera tid och datum

Modulen datetime innehåller metoden strftime som kan användas för att formatera hur ett datum representeras som sträng. Till exempel följande kodsnutt kommer att skriva ut det nuvarande datumet i formatet dd.mm.åååå och därefter datumet och tiden i ett annat format:

from datetime import datetime\n\ntid = datetime.now()\nprint(tid.strftime(\"%d.%m.%Y\"))

04.02.2020

Tidsformatering använder specifika tecken för att indikera ett visst format. Här är ett antal tecken (flera finns i Pythons dokumentation):

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
FörkortningBetydelse
%ddag (01–31)
%mmånad (01–12)
%Yår (fyra siffor)
%Htimme (24 timmars format)
%Mminut (00–59)
%Ssekund (00–59)

Du kan också specificera vilket tecken som används för att skilja elementen i ett datum, så som du såg i exemplet ovan.

Formatering för datetime fungerar också åt det andra hållet, det vill säga om du tar emot ett datum som en sträng från en användare och vill få det i datetime-format. Använd då metoden strptime:

from datetime import datetime\n\nsyote = input(\"Ange din födelsetid i formatet dd.mm.åååå: \")\ntid = datetime.strptime(syote, \"%d.%m.%Y\")\n\nif tid < datetime(2000, 1, 1):\n    print(\"Du föddes på förra årtusendet\")\nelse:\n    print(\"Du föddes på det här årtusendet\")

Ange din födelsetid i formatet dd.mm.åååå: 5.11.1986\nDu föddes på förra årtusendet

I det här programmet antecknar vi användarens dagliga skärmtid (tv, dator, mobil) i en fil.

Så här ska programmet fungera:

Fil: juni.txt\nFörsta dagen: 24.6.2020\nAntal dagar: 5\nAnge skärmtiden i minuter (tv dator mobil):\nSkärmtid 24.06.2020: 60 120 0\nSkärmtid 25.06.2020: 0 0 0\nSkärmtid 26.06.2020: 180 0 0\nSkärmtid 27.06.2020: 25 240 15\nSkärmtid 28.06.2020: 45 90 5\nInfon lagrad i filen juni.txt

För varje dag anger man alltså tre minutvärden skilda med mellanslag.

Programmet lagrar statistik i filen juni.txt som i vårt fall ser ut så här:

Tidsperiod: 24.06.2020-28.06.2020\nMinuter tillsammans: 780\nMinuter i genomsnitt: 156.0\n24.06.2020: 60/120/0\n25.06.2020: 0/0/0\n26.06.2020: 180/0/0\n27.06.2020: 25/240/15\n28.06.2020: 45/90/5

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