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lista är också en referens till ett objekt. Detta gäller även när vi modellerar en matris (dvs. en tabell, tvådimensionell lista): varje värde i listan på högsta nivån är en referens till en annan lista, som i sin tur innehåller referenser till de objekt som representerar elementen i matrisen."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Skapa funktionen "},{"type":"element","tagName":"code","properties":{"className":["language-text"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"radernas_summor(matris: list)"}]},{"type":"text","value":", som tar en heltalsmatris som argument."}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Funktionen ska lägga till ett nytt element på varje rad i matrisen. Detta element innehåller summan av de andra elementen på den raden. Funktionen har inget returvärde. 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Efter den här delen

Detta är första delen av fortsättningskursen i programmering. Materialet är designat för att användas med programmeringsmiljön Visual Studio Code, precis som i den föregående kursen (Grundkurs i programmering). Ifall du inte använt Visual Studio Code tidigare, hittar du installationsinstruktionerna här och en introduktion till programmeringsomgivningen från förra kursen här.

I grundkursen i programmering lade vi märke till att det ofta är logiskt att gruppera relaterade data tillsammans i våra program. Ifall vi till exemepl skulle förvara information om en bok skulle det vara logiskt att använda oss av en tupel eller en ordlista för att organisera informationen i en och samma datastruktur.

Lösningen kunde se ut så här när man använder en tupel:

namn = \"Kodningsboken\"\nförfattare = \"Peter Python\"\nar = 1992\n\n# Vi sammanställer dessa i en ordlista\nbok = (namn, författare, ar)\n\n# Vi skriver ut bokens namn\nprint(bok[0])

I ett fall som detta är fördelen med att använda en ordlista att vi kan använda strängar istället för numeriska index som nycklar. Vi kan alltså ge beskrivande namn till den typ av element som lagras i datastrukturen:

namn = \"Kodningsboken\"\nforfattare = \"Peter Python\"\nar = 1992\n\n# Slår ihop till en ordlista\nbok = {\"namn\": namn, \"författare\": forfattare, \"år\": ar}\n\n# Vi skriver ut bokens namn\nprint(bok[\"namn\"])

I båda fallen så skapar vi ett nytt objekt. Inom programmering har termen en specifik betydelse: ett objekt är en självständig (eller oberoende) helhet, som i detta fall innehåller data som på något vis är relaterade. Att ett objekt är oberoende eller självständigt betyder att ändringar som görs i ett objekt inte påverkar andra objekt.

Ifall vi skulle skapa två strukturellt identiska representationer av böcker med hjälp av ordlistor och identiska nycklar, skulle ändringar som görs i den ena inte påverka den andra:

bok1 = {\"namn\": \"Den gamle och Python\", \"författare\": \"Ernest Pythonson\", \"år\": 1952}\nbok2 = {\"namn\": \"Sju Python\", \"författare\": \"Aleksis Python\", \"år\": 1894}\n\nprint(bok1[\"namn\"])\nprint(bok2[\"namn\"])\n\nbok1[\"namn\"] = \"Ett nytt namn\"\n\nprint(bok1[\"namn\"])\nprint(bok2[\"namn\"])

Den gamle och Python\nSju Python\nEtt nytt namn\nSju Python

\n \n \n \n \n \n \"8\n \n \n

Du kanske kommer ihåg från grundkursen i programmering att vilket som helst värde i Python internt behandlas som ett objekt. Det betyder att värdet som lagrats i en variabel är en referens till ett objekt. Själva data är lagrade inuti ett objekt i datorns minne. Ifall du ger ett värde till en ny variabel med tilldelningen a = 3, är värdet som lagras i variabeln inte 3, utan en referens till ett objekt som innehåller värdet 3.

De flesta andra programmeringsspråk (i varje fall de som stöder objektorienterad programmering) inkluderar vissa särskilt definierade primitiva datatyper. Dessa inkluderar ofta åtminstone [integer] heltal, flyttal och booleska sanningsvärden. Primitiver processeras direkt, vilket betyder att de är lagrade direkt i variabler, inte som referenser. Python har inga sådana primitiver, men att jobba med de grundläggade datatyperna i Python fungerar i praktiken på liknande sätt. Objekt av dessa grundläggande datatyper (såsom tal, booleska värden och strängar) är oföränderliga, vilket betyder att de inte kan ändras i minnet. Om värdet som lagras i en variabel med en grundläggande datatyp ändras, dvs. variabeln tilldelas ett nytt värde, så byts hela referensen ut. Det ursprungliga objektet finns dock fortfarande kvar i minnet.

Objekt och metoder

Man kan komma åt data som lagras i ett objekt genom olika metoder. En metod är en funktion som opererar på ett specifikt objekt som den är kopplad till. Vi kan skilja på metoder och \"vanliga\" funktioner genom att se på hur de anropas, eftersom metoder används med punktnotation: först skriver man namnet på det objekt som avses, sedan en punkt och till sist metodens namn, åtföljt av argument ifall sådana finns. Till exempel returnerar metoden values alla värden som är lagrade i ett objekt av typen ordlista eller dict:

# detta skapar ett objekt av typen ordlista med namnet bok\nbok = {\"namn\": \"Den gamle och Python\", \"författare\": \"Ernest Pythonson\", \"år\": 1952}\n\n# Vi skriver ut alla värden\n# Metodanropet values() skrivs efter namnet på variabeln\n# Kom ihåg punktnotation!\nfor varde in bok.values():\n    print(varde)

Den gamle och Python\nErnest Pythonson\n1952

På samma sätt opererar en strängmetod på det strängobjekt som den anropas för. Några exempel på strängmetoder är count och find:

namn = \"Påhittige Per\"\n\n# Skriv ut antalet P som förekommer\nprint(namn.count(\"P\"))\n\n# Antalet P som hittas i en annan sträng\nprint(\"Påhittade Praktiska Prepositioner\".count(\"P\"))\n\n# Indexen av delsträngen Per\nprint(namn.find(\"Per\"))\n\n# Denna sträng har ingen matchande delsträng\nprint(\"Helt annan sträng\".find(\"Per\"))

2\n3\n10\n-1

Strängmetoder returnerar värden, men ändrar inte på strängarnas innehåll eftersom strängar i Python är oföränderliga. Detta gäller däremot inte alla objekt och metoder. Listor i Python är föränderliga, alltså kan listmetoder ändra innehållet i den lista som den anropas för utan att skapa en ny referens eller ett nytt objekt.

lista = [1,2,3]\n\n# Vi lägger till några element\nlista.append(5)\nlista.append(1)\n\nprint(lista)\n\n# Vi tar bort ett element från början\nlista.pop(0)\n\nprint(lista)

[1, 2, 3, 5, 1]\n[2, 3, 5, 1]

Skapa funktionen minsta_medeltalet(person1: dict, person2: dict, person3: dict), som får tre ordlistor som argument.

Varje ordlistsobjekt innehåller värden som refererar till följande nycklar:

Funktionen ska beräkna medelvärdet av de tre resultaten för varje deltagare och sedan returnera den deltagare vars medelresultat är minst. Returvärdet bör vara hela det ordlistsobjekt som innehåller information om deltagaren.

Du kan anta att endast en deltagare har det minsta medeltalet.

Ett exempel på funktionen:

person1 = {\"namn\": \"Ella\", \"resultat1\": 2, \"resultat2\": 3, \"resultat3\": 3}\nperson2 = {\"namn\": \"Bella\", \"resultat1\": 5, \"resultat2\": 1, \"resultat3\": 8}\nperson3 = {\"namn\": \"Stella\", \"resultat1\": 3, \"resultat2\": 1, \"resultat3\": 1}\n\nprint(minsta_medeltalet(person1, person2, person3))

{'namn': 'Stella', 'resultat1': 3, 'resultat2': 1, 'resultat3': 1}

I Python är varje värde som lagras i en variabel en referens till ett objekt, så varje värde som lagras i en lista är också en referens till ett objekt. Detta gäller även när vi modellerar en matris (dvs. en tabell, tvådimensionell lista): varje värde i listan på högsta nivån är en referens till en annan lista, som i sin tur innehåller referenser till de objekt som representerar elementen i matrisen.

Skapa funktionen radernas_summor(matris: list), som tar en heltalsmatris som argument.

Funktionen ska lägga till ett nytt element på varje rad i matrisen. Detta element innehåller summan av de andra elementen på den raden. Funktionen har inget returvärde. Den bör modifiera matrisen i parametern.

Ett exempel på funktionen i användning:

matris = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]\nradernas_summor(matris)\nprint(matris)

[[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 7]]

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